Table 3

Multivariate relative risks and 95% CIs of anaemia, folate deficiency and vitamin B₁₂deficiency among women of reproductive age

Predictors	Anaemia				Folate deficiency				Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency
	Unadjusted		Adjusted		Unadjusted		Adjusted		Unadjusted		Adjusted
	RR (95% CI)	P value	RR (95% CI)	P value	RR (95% CI)	P value	RR (95% CI)	P value	RR (95% CI)	P value	RR (95% CI)	P value
Area of residence
Rural	1.01 (0.99 to 1.02)	0.222	0.99 (0.97 to 1.02)	0.614	0.94 (0.87 to 1.02)	0.192	0.95 (0.85 to 1.05)	0.304	0.99 (0.92 to 1.08)	0.973	0.81 (0.66 to 1.00)	0.048
Urban	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Province
Punjab	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Sindh	1.09 (1.07 to 1.11)	<0.001	1.07 (1.04 to 1.09)	<0.001	1.01 (0.92 to 1.12)	0.768	0.94 (0.84 to 1.06)	0.328	0.89 (0.80 to 0.98)	0.022	1.25 (1.01 to 1.55)	0.043
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa	0.91 (0.88 to 0.94)	<0.001	0.93 (0.89 to 0.96)	<0.001	0.67 (0.58 to 0.79)	<0.001	0.77 (0.66 to 0.91)	0.002	1.26 (1.13 to 1.41)	<0.001	1.25 (1.11 to 1.43)	<0.001
Balochistan	1.00 (0.96 to 1.05)	0.912	0.97 (0.92 to 1.02)	0.262	1.06 (0.92 to 1.21)	0.413	1.05 (0.90 to 1.24)	0.536	0.80 (0.69 to 0.93)	0.004	1.33 (0.47 to 3.77)	0.587
Federally Administered Tribal Areas	1.00 (0.95 to 1.05)	0.924	0.99 (0.93 to 1.06)	0.825	0.75 (0.54 to 1.04)	0.083	0.85 (0.60 to 1.20)	0.349	1.06 (0.87 to 1.29)	0.556	1.04 (0.86 to 1.27)	0.554
Azad Jammu and Kashmir	0.95 (0.91 to 0.99)	0.008	0.93 (0.88 to 0.98)	0.005	0.52 (0.37 to 0.74)	<0.001	0.52 (0.37 to 0.75)	<0.001	1.17 (1.03 to 1.32)	0.018	1.50 (1.08 to 2.08)	0.015
Gilgit-Baltistan	0.83 (0.79 to 0.87)	<0.001	0.81 (0.76 to 0.85)	<0.001	0.97 (0.81 to 1.17)	0.761	0.96 (0.74 to 1.23)	0.733	1.05 (0.94 to 1.18)	0.374	1.28 (0.79 to 2.09)	0.317
Household SES quintiles
Poorest	1.09 (1.06 to 1.12)	<0.001	1.03 (0.99 to 1.07)	0.172	1.07 (0.96 to 1.19)	0.176	1.08 (0.92 to 1.26)	0.328	0.88 (0.80 to 0.98)	0.021	1.21 (0.83 to 1.77)	0.329
Poorer	1.03 (1.01 to 1.06)	0.005	1.02 (0.98 to 1.05)	0.318	0.98 (0.88 to 1.09)	0.731	1.05 (0.91 to 1.21)	0.497	0.93 (0.85 to 1.03)	0.208	1.37 (0.96 to 1.94)	0.080
Middle	1.03 (1.00 to 1.05)	0.016	1.01 (0.98 to 1.04)	0.500	0.97 (0.88 to 1.06)	0.571	1.02 (0.91 to 1.14)	0.78	1.03 (0.95 to 1.12)	0.418	1.21 (0.88 to 1.68)	0.241
Richer	1.01 (0.99 to 1.04)	0.215	0.99 (0.96 to 1.02)	0.429	0.97 (0.89 to 1.06)	0.621	0.99 (0.89 to 1.09)	0.774	0.96 (0.89 to 1.05)	0.464	1.10 (0.81 to 1.50)	0.542
Richest	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Food security
Food secure	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Food insecure without hunger	1.03 (1.01 to 1.05)	<0.001	1.01 (0.99 to 1.04)	0.290	1.02 (0.95 to 1.09)	0.536	0.97 (0.89 to 1.06)	0.562	0.93 (0.87 to 0.99)	0.026	1.05 (0.85 to 1.30)	0.622
Food insecure with hunger moderate	1.07 (1.05 to 1.09)	<0.001	1.03 (1.00 to 1.06)	0.027	1.10 (1.03 to 1.19)	0.005	1.02 (0.92 to 1.13)	0.71	0.90 (0.84 to 0.97)	0.007	1.09 (0.89 to 1.35)	0.397
Food insecure with hunger severe	1.07 (1.05 to 1.10)	<0.001	1.01 (0.98 to 1.04)	0.555	1.09 (1.00 to 1.19)	0.046	0.99 (0.87 to 1.13)	0.901	0.88 (0.81 to 0.96)	0.005	1.07 (0.80 to 1.43)	0.651
Age
15–19 years	0.99 (0.93 to 1.06)	0.943	–		1.15 (0.97 to 1.37)	0.103	–		1.07 (0.89 to 1.28)	0.431	–
20–29 years	Ref				Ref				Ref
30–39 years	0.99 (0.98 to 1.01)	0.649	–		0.98 (0.93 to 1.03)	0.494	–		1.00 (0.95 to 1.05)	0.965	–
40–49 years	1.03 (1.01 to 1.06)	0.004	–		1.00 (0.92 to 1.09)	0.916	–		0.98 (0.90 to 1.06)	0.655	–
Education
Illiterate	1.02 (1.01 to 1.04)	<0.001	–		1.00 (0.94 to 1.06)	0.976	–		0.97 (0.91 to 1.03)	0.390	–
Literate	Ref				Ref				Ref
Occupation
Employed	0.97 (0.94 to 0.99)	0.049	–		0.85 (0.78 to 0.93)	<0.001	–		1.07 (0.96 to 1.19)	0.205	–
Unemployed	Ref				Ref				Ref
No of pregnancies
≤4	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.				Ref.
>4	1.03 (1.02 to 1.05)	<0.001	1.03 (1.01 to 1.05)	0.002	1.05 (1.00 to 1.10)	0.034	–		0.92 (0.87 to 0.97)	0.002	–
Use of iron folate/folic acid/MMN during last pregnancy
Yes	0.96 (0.95 to 0.97)	<0.001	–		0.98 (0.92 to 1.03)	0.519	–		0.98 (0.93 to 1.03)	0.526	–
No	Ref				Ref				Ref
Birth interval
≥36 month	Ref				Ref				Ref
<36 month	1.00 (0.98 to 1.03)	0.516	–		1.02 (0.93 to 1.13)	0.562	–		0.96 (0.88 to 1.06)	0.523	–
Worm Infestation
Yes	1.02 (0.97 to 1.06)	0.332	–		1.07 (0.92 to 1.23)	0.335	–		0.89 (0.75 to 1.05)	0.194	1.44 (0.95 to 2.17)	0.087
No	Ref				Ref				Ref		Ref
Intake of green leafy vegetables
Daily	0.93 (0.90 to 0.96)	<0.001	0.98 (0.94 to 1.02)	0.363	0.78 (0.68 to 0.89)	<0.001	0.86 (0.74 to 1.01)	0.924	1.07 (0.96 to 1.20)	0.187	–
Weekly	0.98 (0.96 to 1.00)	0.105	0.98 (0.95 to 1.00)	0.043	0.97 (0.89 to 1.05)	0.471	1.00 (0.92 to 1.10)	0.062	0.98 (0.91 to 1.05)	0.594	–
Monthly	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Intake of red meat
Daily	0.96 (0.88 to 1.03)	0.306	–		1.05 (0.83 to 1.32)	0.670	–		0.80 (0.60 to 1.07)	0.134	–
Weekly	0.97 (0.95 to 0.99)	0.003	–		0.99 (0.93 to 1.05)	0.857	–		1.00 (0.94 to 1.07)	0.783	–
Monthly	Ref				Ref				Ref
Regular consumption of tea
<3 times per day	Ref				Ref				Ref		Ref
≥3 times per day	0.97 (0.92 to 1.01)	0.228	–		0.94 (0.79 to 1.12)	0.514	–		0.87 (0.73 to 1.04)	0.150	0.78 (0.59 to 1.04)	0.094
Intake of dairy products
Daily	1.03 (0.99 to 1.07)	0.123	1.03 (0.98 to 1.08)	0.234	0.90 (0.78 to 1.03)	0.141	–		1.09 (0.92 to 1.28)	0.287	–
Weekly	1.04 (1.00 to 1.09)	0.031	1.04 (0.99 to 1.09)	0.087	0.94 (0.81 to 1.07)	0.384	–		1.12 (0.95 to 1.31)	0.156	–
Monthly	Ref		Ref		Ref				Ref
Intake of egg
Daily	0.97 (0.94 to 1.00)	0.155	–		0.80 (0.72 to 0.89)	<0.001	0.89 (0.81 to 0.98)	0.022	1.08 (0.9 to 1.21)	0.148	–
Weekly	0.98 (0.95 to 1.00)	0.183	–		0.85 (0.78 to 0.93)	<0.001	0.88 (0.78 to 0.99)	0.032	1.01 (0.92 to 1.11)	0.785	–
Monthly	Ref				Ref				Ref
BMI of women
Underweight (<18.5)	1.03 (1.01 to 1.05)	<0.001	1.03 (1.00 to 1.05)	0.023	1.07 (1.00 to 1.14)	0.032	–		0.92 (0.85 to 0.99)	0.031	–
Normal (18.5–24.99)	Ref		Ref		Ref				Ref
Overweight/obesity (>25)	0.93 (0.91 to 0.94)	<0.001	0.95 (0.93 to 0.97)	<0.001	1.00 (0.94 to 1.07)	0.851	–		1.07 (1.01 to 1.13)	0.010	–

BMI, body mass index; MMN, multiple micronutrients; SES, socioeconomic status.