Results from Poisson regression analysis assessing the association (mean ratios) between community (HSA) healthcare resources and individual-level CVHI, unadjusted and adjusted for individual and community (HSA) socioeconomic and demographic covariates
| Univariate (Unadjusted) | Adjusted | |||
| Exposure variables: community (HSA) healthcare resources | ||||
| Primary care physicians | 1.02 (1.01–1.02) | * | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | * |
| Physician assistants | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | * | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | * |
| Nurse practitioners | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | ||
| Cardiovascular disease specialists | 1.04 (1.04–1.05) | * | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | * |
| Hospital beds† | 0.98 (0.98–0.99) | * | 1.00 (0.99–1.00)§ | * |
| Number of FQHCs and RHCs‡ | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | * | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | |
| Hospitals with primary care department‡ | 0.98 (0.98–0.98) | * | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | |
| Individual-level covariates: individual demographic and socioeconomic characteristics | ||||
| Age (per 10 years) | 0.94 (0.93–0.94) | * | 0.94 (0.94–0.94) | * |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Female | 1.10 (1.09–1.11) | * | 1.12 (1.12–1.13) | * |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.92 (0.91–0.93) | * | 0.93 (0.92–0.94) | * |
| Hispanic | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | ||
| Other | 1.09 (1.07–1.10) | * | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | * |
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| High school | 1.10 (1.09–1.12) | * | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) | * |
| Some college | 1.25 (1.24–1.27) | * | 1.12 (1.10–1.13) | * |
| Income | ||||
| Under $25 000 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| $25 000–$49 999 | 1.10 (1.09–1.11) | * | 1.08 (1.07–1.09) | * |
| $50 000–$74 999 | 1.16 (1.15–1.17) | * | 1.11 (1.10–1.12) | * |
| $75 000 or more | 1.26 (1.25–1.27) | * | 1.17 (1.16–1.18) | * |
| Insurance status | ||||
| Some coverage | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| None | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | * | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | |
| Community-level covariates: community (HSA) demographic and socioeconomic characteristics | ||||
| % Non-Hispanic black | 0.99 (0.99–0.99) | * | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | |
| % Hispanic | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | * | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | * |
| % College graduates | 1.06 (1.05–1.06) | * | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | * |
| % Male | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) | * | |
| % Poverty | 0.93 (0.93–0.94) | * | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | |
| Median household income (per $1000) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | * | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | |
| % No health insurance | 0.98 (0.98–0.99) | * | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | * |
| % 65 years and older | 0.93 (0.92–0.94) | * | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) | * |
| Population density | ||||
| Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Not urban | 1.06 (1.05–1.07) | * | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | |
For all variables, coefficients are presented as a 10-unit change in the covariate unless otherwise specified.
*Indicates statistical significance at the alpha 0.05 level.
†A 100-unit change (‘hospital beds’),
‡A one-unit change (‘number of FQHCs and RHCs’ and ‘hospitals with a primary care department’).
§Result presented after rounding (before rounding coefficient was 0.99995 (0.99993–0.99998)).
CVHI, cardiovascular health index; FQHC, Federally Qualified Health Centre; HSA: health service area; RHC, Rural Health Centre.