Sample characteristics for fathers of likely refugee backgrounds, fathers who had migrated from non-English-speaking and English-speaking countries, and fathers born in Australia
| Demographic characteristics | Refugee (n=131) | Migrated from a non-English-speaking country (n=872) | Migrated from an English-speaking country (n=1005) | Born in Australia (n=6129) | F or χ2 | P |
| Caregiver type, n (%) | ||||||
| Biological father | 131 (100.0%) | 865 (99.2%) | 980 (97.5%) | 5967 (97.4%) | ||
| Adoptive father | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.1%) | 12 (0.2%) | 16.0 | 0.192 |
| Step-father | 0 (0.0%) | 7 (0.8%) | 24 (2.4%) | 147 (2.4%) | ||
| Foster father | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (<0.1%) | ||
| Age (mean) | 39.3 | 39.6 | 39.4 | 37.2 | 76.4 | <0.001 |
| Country/region of birth, n (%) | ||||||
| New Zealand | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 246 (24.5%) | |||
| Great Britain | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 553 (55.0%) | |||
| North America | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 52 (5.2%) | |||
| Melanesia | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 19 (1.9%) | |||
| Polynesia | 0 (0.0%) | 56 (6.4%) | 11 (1.1%) | |||
| Western Europe | 0 (0.0%) | 62 (7.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Southern Europe | 0 (0.0%) | 34 (3.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| South Eastern Europe | 7 (5.3%) | 36 (4.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Eastern Europe | 1 (0.8%) | 20 (2.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| North Africa | 8 (6.1%0 | 17 (1.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Middle East | 46 (35.4%) | 84 (9.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Southeast Asia | 50 (38.2%) | 131 (15.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Northeast Asia | 0 (0.0%) | 94 (10.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Southern and Central Asia | 6 (4.6%) | 153 (17.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| South America | 5 (3.8%) | 10 (1.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Central America | 4 (3.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Southern and East Africa | 4 (3.1%) | 90 (10.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Confidentialised | 0 (0.0%) | 87 (9.9%) | 124 (12.3%) | |||
| Time since arrival in years (mean) | 15.9 | 17.3 | 21.1 | 31.2 | <0.001 | |
| English main language spoken at home | 3 (2.3%) | 228 (26.1%) | 925 (92.0%) | 5854 (95.5%) | 3882.8 | <0.001 |
| Speaks English | ||||||
| Very well | 45 (34.4%) | 450 (51.6%) | 87 (8.6%) | 319 (5.2%) | ||
| Well | 50 (38.2%) | 195 (22.4%) | 25 (2.5%) | 20 (0.3%) | ||
| Not well | 30 (22.9%) | 62 (7.0%) | 4 (0.4%) | 3 (0.1%) | 192.9 | <0.001 |
| Not at all | 2 (1.5%) | 11 (1.3%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Not reported/not relevant | 4 (3.0%) | 154 (17.7%) | 888 (88.4%) | 5787 (94.4%) | ||
| High school completion | ||||||
| Did not complete high school | 55 (42.0%) | 230 (26.4%) | 397 (39.5%) | 2884 (47.1%) | 139.5 | <0.001 |
| Completed high school | 76 (58.0%) | 642 (73.6%) | 608 (60.5%) | 3245 (52.9%) | ||
| Tertiary education | ||||||
| No tertiary education | 97 (74.0%) | 490 (56.2%) | 653 (65.0%) | 4451 (72.6%) | 111.31 | <0.001 |
| Completed tertiary education | 34 (26.0%) | 382 (43.8%) | 352 (35.0%) | 1678 (27.4%) | ||
| Employment status | ||||||
| Not in the labour force | 19 (14.5%) | 44 (5.0%) | 41 (4.1%) | 225 (3.7%) | ||
| Unemployed and looking for work | 7 (5.3%) | 26 (3.0%) | 16 (1.6%) | 87 (1.4%) | 143.6 | <0.001 |
| Part-time employment | 20 (15.3%) | 72 (8.3%) | 38 (3.8%) | 233 (3.8%) | ||
| Full-time employment (30+hours/week) | 85 (64.9%) | 730 (83.7%) | 910 (90.5%) | 5580 (91.0%) | ||
| Weekly income ($A/week) | ||||||
| Less than 500 | 51 (49.0%) | 171 (23.4%) | 112 (12.4%) | 726 (11.8%) | ||
| 500–999 | 32 (30.8%) | 238 (32.5%) | 257 (28.5%) | 1828 (29.8%) | ||
| 1000–1999 | 18 (17.3%) | 250 (34.2%) | 368 (40.8%) | 2320 (37.9%) | 197.6 | <0.001 |
| 2000 or more | 3 (2.9%) | 73 (9.9%) | 165 (18.3%) | 700 (11.4%) | ||
| Not reported | 27 | 140 | 103 | 555 (9.1%) | ||
| Study child gender, male | 57 (43.5%) | 438 (50.2%) | 515 (51.2%) | 3145 (51.3%) | 3.5 | 0.322 |
| Number of children in household (mean) | 3.1 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 15.0 | <0.001 |
| Two-parent household | 131 (100.0%) | 868 (99.5%) | 995 (99.0%) | 6089 (99.3%) | 4.7 | 0.581 |
| Socioeconomic position (M, SD) | −0.64 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.10 | 36.9 | <0.001 |
| Socioeconomic position category | ||||||
| High | 18 (13.7%) | 276 (31.7%) | 293 (29.2%) | 1447 (23.6%) | ||
| Medium | 38 (29.0%) | 378 (43.3%) | 511 (50.8%) | 3149 (51.4%) | 120.2 | <0.001 |
| Low | 75 (57.3%) | 218 (25.0%) | 201 (20.0%) | 1533 (25.0%) | ||
| SEIFA disadvantage (M, SD) | 977.7 | 1018.2 | 1025.5 | 1013.9 | 28.8 | <0.001 |
SEIFA, socio-economic indexes for areas.