Table 2

Average monthly costs in the care as usual (CAU) and the ECO intervention group at 3, 6, and 9 months (in 2011 Euro)*†

3 months6 months9 months12 months
Direct medical costs
 CAU474321383296
 ECO463476333148
 Cost difference11−15550 148
Direct non-medical costs
 CAU1357410298
 ECO104896745
 Cost difference31−1535 53
Productivity losses
Absenteeism
 CAU2120169912761118
 ECO18871264725572
 Cost difference233435 551 546
Presenteeism
 CAU166233269493
 ECO357408322325
 Cost difference −191 −175 −53 168
Total costs
 CAU2895232820292005
 ECO2811223814461090
 Cost difference8490 583 915
Quality of life (utility)
 CAU0.650.68 0.68 0.73
 ECO0.650.72 0.76 0.77
  Difference in utilities00.04 0.08 0.04

  • *Between-group differences in italics are statistically significant at p<0.05.

  • †Numbers may not add due to rounding.

  • ECO, E-health module embedded in Collaborative Occupational healthcare.