Baseline characteristics
| Variable | HV | CKD stages 1 and 2 | CKD stages 3 and 4 | CKD stage 5 |
| Number | 19 | 16 | 153 | 28 |
| Age (years) (SD) | 57.5 (15.5) | 53.4 (15.6) | 70.3 (12.3) | 67.2 (12.9) |
| Weight (kg) (SD) | 77.5 (19.6) | 90.4 (18.9) | 85.9 (21.1) | 80.2 (11.2) |
| Gender (%male) | 7 (35) | 9 (56) | 97 (63.8) | 21(84) |
| Current smoker(%) | 3 (15.8) | 2 (12.5) | 8 (5.3) | 1 (4) |
| eGFR mL/min/1.73 m2 (SD) | 88.4 (18.5) | 74.6 (24.7) | 28.8 (11.1) | 10.2 (2.2) |
| CKD primary Diagnosis (%) | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | – | 3 (18.8) | 45 (29.6) | 2 (7) |
| Hypertension | – | 3 (18.8) | 33 (21.6) | 4 (14.3) |
| Vascular | – | 2 (12.5) | 23 (15.1) | 4 (14.3) |
| Glomerulonephritis | – | 5 (31.2) | 9 (5.9) | 5 (17.9) |
| Reflux nephropathy | – | 0 | 8 (5.2) | 5 (17.9) |
| Polycystic kidney disease | – | 1 (6.3) | 7 (4.6) | 4 (14.3) |
| Other | – | 2 (12.5) | 28 (18.3) | 4 (14.3) |
| Comorbidities (%) | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 0 | 3 (18.8) | 45 (29.4) | 2 (7.1) |
| Hypertension | 5 (26.3) | 3 (18) | 33 (21.6) | |
| Cardiac disease | 1 (0.05) | 2 (12.5) | 47 (30.7) | 11 (39.3) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 0 | 2 (12.5) | 24 (15.7) | 2 (7.1) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 0 | 1 (6.3) | 6 (3.9) | 1 (3.6) |
| Chronic lung disease | 0 | 1 (6.3) | 25 (16.3) | 5 (17.9) |
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease | 4 (21) | 0 | 42 (27.4) | 5 (17.9) |
| Depression | 2 (0.11) | 3 (18.8) | 22 (14.4) | 3 (10.1) |
| Anxiety | 2 (0.11) | 0 | 3 (1.9) | 1 (3.6) |
| Medications (%) | ||||
| Insulin alone | 0 | 3 (18.8) | 39 (25.7) | 3 (10.7) |
| Oral hypoglycaemics alone | 0 | 4 (25) | 32(21) | 1 (3.6) |
| Both oral hypoglycaemics/insulin | 0 | 2 (12.5) | 13 (8.5) | 0 |
| ACE inhibitor | 1 (0.05) | 5 (31.3) | 41 (26.9) | 7 (25) |
| Angiotensin II receptor blocker | 4 (21) | 7 (43.8) | 80 (52.6) | 10 (35.7) |
| Angiotensin II receptor blocker/ACE inhibitor (both) | 0 | 1 (6.3) | 5 (3.3) | 0 |
| Other antihypertensives | 3 (15.8) | 4 (25) | 39 (25.7) | 7 (25) |
| HMG CoA reductase inhibitors | 3 (15.8) | 10 (62.5) | 110 (72.4) | 14(50) |
| Other lipid-lowering drugs | 0 | 1 (6.3) | 25 (16.5) | 3 (10.1) |
| Proteinuria (%) | 0 | 5 (31.3) | 88 (57.5) | 26 (92.8) |
| Elevated CRP (%) | 2 (0.11) | 4/15 (26.7) | 12/150 (8.0) | 3/27 (11.1) |
HMG-CoA, 3-Hydroxy 3-methylglutyryl-CoA.
Proteinuria defined as protein:creatinine ratio >30 mg/dL.
Cardiac disease=ischaemic heart disease, congestive cardiac failure, atrial fibrillation.
Respiratory disease=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, asthma, obstructive sleep apnoea.
CKD, chronic kidney disease; CRP, C reactive protein (note total of 192 due to unavailable samples); eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (measured in ml/min/1.73 m2); HV, healthy volunteers.