Age-standardised prevalence of ERM by study
| Study | Year | N at-risk | Crude prevalence (%) | Age-standardised prevalence (%, 95% CI) | ||||
| CMR | PMF | Any ERM* | CMR | PMF | Any ERM* | |||
| All ERM† | ||||||||
| BDES | 1987–1988 | 4802 | – | – | – | 4.8 (4.3 to 5.4) | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.0) | 6.4 (5.8 to 7.1) |
| BMES | 1992–1993 | 3490 | 4.8 | 2.7 | 7.0 | 3.8 (3.2 to 4.4) | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.1) | 5.5 (4.8 to 6.2) |
| Funagata | 2000–2002 | 1543 | 4.0 | 1.5 | 5.4 | 2.7 (1.9 to 3.4) | 1.1 (0.6 to 1.5) | 3.7 (2.8 to 4.6) |
| HES | 2006–2007 | 6565 | 2.2 | 0.7 | 3.4 | 2.3 (1.8 to 2.8) | 0.6 (0.4 to 0.7) | 3.5 (2.9 to 4.0) |
| Hisayama | 1998 | 1765 | 3.2 | 0.9 | 4.0 | 2.2 (1.6 to 2.9) | 0.5 (0.2 to 0.8) | 2.8 (2.1 to 3.5) |
| Jiangning | 2012–2013 | 2005 | 5.0 | 3.4 | 8.4 | 4.5 (3.7 to 5.4) | 3.1 (2.4 to 3.9) | 7.6 (6.5 to 8.7) |
| LALES | 2000–2003 | 5982 | 16.3 | 2.2 | 18.5 | 16.6 (15.7 to 17.6) | 2.5 (2.0 to 2.9) | 19.0 (18.0 to 20.0) |
| MESA | 2002–2004 | 5960 | 25.1 | 3.8 | 28.9 | 21.5 (20.1 to 22.5) | 3.0 (2.6 to 3.4) | 24.5 (23.4 to 25.6) |
| SiMES | 2004–2006 | 3265 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 11.8 | 4.7 (4.0 to 5.3) | 4.6 (4.0 to 5.3) | 9.3 (8.3 to 10.2) |
| SCES | 2009–2011 | 3353 | – | – | – | 7.0 (6.1 to 7.9) | 7.5 (6.6 to 8.3) | 13.0 (11.9 to 14.2) |
| SINDI | 2007–2009 | 3328 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 10.2 | 4.7 (4.0 to 5.3) | 4.1 (3.4 to 4.7) | 8.8 (7.9 to 9.7) |
| VIP | 1992–1997 | 4313 | 4.8 | 1.7 | 6.0 | 3.8 (3.3 to 4.4) | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.8) | 4.9 (4.4 to 5.5) |
| Pooled estimates | NA | 46 371 | – | – | – | 6.5 (4.2 to 8.9) | 2.6 (1.8 to 3.4) | 9.1 (6.0 to 12.2) |
| I 2 | 99.3 | 98.2 | 99.5 | |||||
| Primary ERM | ||||||||
| BDES | 1987–1988 | 4125 | – | – | – | 4.5 (3.9 to 5.1) | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.6) | 5.8 (5.1 to 6.5) |
| Beixinjing | 2010–2011 | 3326 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.6 (0.3 to 0.9) | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.6) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.3) |
| HES | 2006–2007 | 6196 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 3.0 | 2.1 (1.6 to 2.6) | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.6) | 3.1 (2.6 to 3.7) |
| Jiangning | 2012–2013 | 1854 | 4.6 | 3.1 | 7.7 | 4.3 (3.4 to 5.2) | 3.0 (2.2 to 3.7) | 7.3 (6.1 to 8.4) |
| LALES | 2000–2003 | 5631 | 15.6 | 1.9 | 17.5 | 16.1 (15.2 to 17.1) | 2.2 (1.8 to 2.6) | 18.4 (17.3 to 19.4) |
| MESA | 2002–2004 | 4761 | 22.7 | 3.3 | 26.1 | 20.2 (19.1 to 21.3) | 2.7 (2.3 to 3.1) | 23.0 (21.7 to 24.1) |
| SiMES | 2004–2006 | 2734 | 5.1 | 4.5 | 9.5 | 4.5 (3.7 to 5.2) | 3.8 (3.2 to 4.5) | 8.3 (7.3 to 9.3) |
| SINDI | 2007–2009 | 2324 | 3.8 | 2.7 | 6.5 | 4.3 (3.4 to 5.2) | 2.8 (2.1 to 3.5) | 7.0 (5.9 to 8.2) |
| Pooled estimates | NA | 30 951 | – | – | – | 7.1 (3.3 to 10.8) | 2.0 (1.3 to 2.8) | 9.2 (4.7 to 13.8) |
| I 2 | 99.6 | 97.9 | 99.7 | |||||
| Secondary ERM | ||||||||
| HES | 2006–2007 | 269 | 7.1 | 3.7 | 12.3 | 6.7 (1.9 to 11.5) | 3.7 (0 to 7.8) | 11.1 (5.0 to 17.3) |
| Jiangning | 2012–2013 | 151 | 10.6 | 6.6 | 17.2 | 7.0 (3.4 to 10.7) | 3.9 (1.2 to 6.6) | 10.9 (6.6 to 15.2) |
| LALES | 2000–2003 | 345 | 27.0 | 7.5 | 34.5 | 19.8 (14.4 to 25.2) | 6.1 (2.9 to 9.3) | 25.9 (20.0 to 31.9) |
| MESA | 2002–2004 | 1199 | 34.3 | 5.8 | 40.1 | 25.1 (22.2 to 28.1) | 3.4 (2.5 to 4.4) | 28.6 (25.6 to 31.6) |
| SiMES | 2004–2006 | 531 | 9.8 | 13.6 | 23.4 | 5.3 (2.5 to 8.1) | 7.1 (5.2 to 9.0) | 12.4 (9.1 to 15.7) |
| SINDI | 2007–2009 | 1004 | 9.1 | 9.8 | 18.8 | 5.1 (3.6 to 6.5) | 6.0 (4.2 to 7.8) | 11.0 (8.8 to 13.3) |
| Pooled estimates | NA | 3499 | – | – | – | 11.4 (4.4 to 18.5) | 5.1 (3.5 to 6.6) | 16.6 (9.7 to 23.6) |
| I 2 | 97.0 | 69.4 | 95.4 | |||||
*Any ERM: both CMR and PMF.
†All ERM: both primary and secondary ERM.
BDES, Beaver Dam Eye Study; BMES, Blue Mountains Eye Study; CMR, cellophane macular reflex; ERM, epiretinal membrane; HES, the Handan Eye Study; LALES, Los Angeles Latino Eye Study; MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; PMF, preretinal macular fibrosis; SCES, Singapore Chinese Eye Study; SiMES, Singapore Malay Eye Study; SINDI, Singapore Indian Eye study; VIP, Visual Impairment Project.