Table 1

The baseline characteristics by daily frequency for eating-with-others

	Daily frequency for eating-with-others
Variables		Men						Women
	Total	0	1	2	3	p Value	Total	0	1	2	3	p Value
n		142	57	126	630			174	79	140	546
%		14.3	6.96	15.6	63.1			17.8	10.2	15.7	56.4
Median of follow-up (years)		8.17	8.28	8.76	8.67			8.55	8.89	8.75	8.74
Age at baseline (years)	72.9±0.33	74.9±0.65	71.8±0.74	72.4±0.73	72.7±0.44	0.042	73.4±0.44	75.3±0.76	72.9±0.65	72.9±0.88	73.0±0.39	0.020
Education						<0.0001						0.963
Illiterate	18.8	24.2	16.7	8.8	20.3		56.0	57.5	55.6	52.3	56.6
Some up to primary school	46.6	52.3	43.5	48.4	45.2		32.3	32.5	32.0	33.8	31.9
High school and above	34.7	23.5	39.9	42.8	34.5		11.7	10.0	12.4	13.8	11.5
Marital status						<0.0001						<0.0001
Married	78.6	36.1	48.2	75.0	92.5		49.48	15.5	19.6	37.8	68.8
Bereaved	14.3	37.8	38.8	17.5	5.43		48.12	80.6	71.1	60.7	30.3
Others	7.15	26.1	13.0	7.55	2.11		2.40	3.87	9.32	1.56	0.95
Live alone	13.7	60.4	0.00	9.67	1.47	<0.0001	10.3	49.4	6.43	2.91	0.42	<0.0001
Whether enough money						0.030						0.001
More than enough	78.4	71.8	79.9	85.8	77.8		75.0	64.1	63.1	78.3	79.5
Just enough	19.2	21.7	20.2	13.0	20.1		21.0	28.7	28.8	21.0	17.2
Not enough	2.46	6.52	0.00	1.26	2.14		4.01	7.23	8.13	0.70	3.25
Smoker	65.7	70.5	82.0	63.9	63.2	0.078	4.92	2.44	2.55	5.34	6.01	0.171
Appetite status						0.232						0.112
Good	38.5	33.0	45.0	36.6	39.4		30.4	24.9	42.9	31.7	29.5
Fair	55.5	62.5	41.5	59.4	54.5		59.4	57.2	48.8	61.5	61.4
Poor	6.07	4.54	13.5	4.09	6.08		10.2	17.9	8.34	6.87	9.14
Body mass index (kg/m²)	23.3±0.15	22.9±0.46	23.2±0.64	23.2±0.33	23.3±0.17	0.738	23.9±0.25	23.3±0.56	25.1±0.43	24.5±0.50	23.8±0.28	0.0002
<18.5	7.07	11.2	10.4	7.53	5.66		7.01	8.07	0.00	3.83	8.72
18.5–23.9	52.5	54.1	53.4	50.6	52.6		44.0	51.0	39.6	40.9	43.6
24.0–26.9	28.0	19.0	19.9	34.0	29.2		27.8	24.7	34.1	25.3	28.1
≥27.0	12.5	15.7	16.3	7.91	12.6		21.3	16.3	26.3	30.0	19.6
Physical activity (MET/day)						0.173						0.017
<1.5	51.6	45.3	44.0	51.2	54.0		61.1	60.5	51.0	52.9	65.4
1.5–2.9	11.3	14.3	17.9	14.2	9.17		11.8	14.3	6.16	14.0	11.4
≥3	37.1	40.4	38.1	34.7	36.8		27.1	25.2	42.8	33.1	23.2
Shopping						0.239						0.037
<1/week	43.8	34.2	44.5	45.9	45.5		54.9	65.3	46.6	50.9	54.3
1/week	12.7	13.5	15.2	13.0	12.2		13.6	10.2	14.8	18.4	13.1
1–2/week	23.3	24.7	21.0	19.6	24.2		19.8	14.9	24.7	22.0	19.8
Everyday	20.2	27.6	19.3	21.6	18.3		11.7	9.63	13.9	8.74	12.9
Current cooking activity						<0.0001						0.004
Never	58.4	33.2	44.1	58.1	65.8		26.8	24.1	12.1	31.5	29.1
Sometimes	20.3	13.1	19.2	24.8	20.8		13.2	5.10	9.1	16.0	15.8
Often	6.83	6.63	11.4	9.63	5.66		10.5	6.94	20.0	12.6	9.23
Usually	14.5	47.0	25.2	7.46	7.69		49.5	63.9	58.8	39.9	45.9
Activities of daily living	0.33±0.05	0.52±0.18	0.19±0.15	0.07±0.05	0.36±0.07	0.004	0.57±0.08	1.18±0.34	0.27±0.13	0.28±0.17	0.50±0.10	0.088
Skeletal Muscle Mass Index (kg/m²)	12.3±0.12	12.0±0.27	12.2±0.29	12.0±0.20	12.5±0.13	0.149	9.28±0.12	9.14±0.22	9.52±0.20	9.32±0.17	9.29±0.15	0.213
Charlson Comorbidity Index	4.71±0.20	5.20±0.48	4.22±0.39	4.85±0.61	4.62±0.20	0.365	4.77±0.21	5.06±0.51	4.74±0.59	4.21±0.29	4.84±0.24	0.142
Self-perceived health status						0.400						<0.0001
Excellent	4.55	7.12	7.46	1.23	4.47		2.58	2.88	0	3.14	2.80
Very good	19.9	16.5	13.8	29.9	18.9		15.7	10.7	24.3	14.1	16.0
Good	21.4	25.8	19.0	17.3	21.8		16.1	11.8	9.85	17.7	18.2
Fair	41.1	38.2	40.3	40.7	41.9		48.3	47.9	56.7	50.4	46.2
Poor	13.1	12.4	19.5	10.9	13.1		17.4	26.7	9.25	14.7	16.8
Cognitive impairment	8.81	12.6	1.82	3.10	10.2	0.005	27.4	30.9	25.9	30.4	25.8	0.751

All data weighted for unequal probability of sampling design by SUDAAN. Categorical variables are presented as n (%), and continuous variables are presented as mean±SE.
ANOVA and χ² were used for continuous and categorical variables to test difference between the groups by gender.
ANOVA, analysis of variance; MET, metabolic equivalent of task.