Baseline characteristics of healthy subjects who developed MetS or not at follow-up
| Characteristics | Male (n=111) | Female (n=142) | ||||
| Free MetS | Newly MetS | p | Free MetS | Newly-MetS | p | |
| N (%) | 69 (62.2) | 42 (37.8) | 108 (76.1) | 34 (23.9) | ||
| Age (yr) | 49.0 (45.0–55.5) | 50.5 (41.8–55.0) | 0.549 | 47.0 (44.0–53.0) | 48.5 (42.0–56.3) | 0.754 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 122.0 (114.3–132.7) | 125.0 (119.3–130.7) | 0.239 | 113.3 (105.3–122.7) | 120.0 (116.5–126.8) | 0.003 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 80.0 (71.7–85.7) | 80.0 (77.2–85.7) | 0.314 | 74.7 (68.0–80.0) | 79.0 (76.0–82.0) | <0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.3 (4.9–5.6) | 5.4 (5.1–5.9) | 0.149 | 5.3 (5.0–5.5) | 5.3 (5.0–5.6) | 0.274 |
| 2hPG (mmol/L) | 6.2 (5.3–7.5) | 6.3 (5.1–8.4) | 0.584 | 6.6 (5.8–7.6) | 7.9 (6.9–9.5) | <0.001 |
| FINS (mIU/L) | 12.18 (8.85–16.46) | 12.60 (9.92–20.42) | 0.341 | 15.32 (12.02–19.81) | 16.15 (13.33–19.38) | 0.374 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.6 (5.4–5.8) | 5.7 (5.4–6.2) | 0.131 | 5.8 (5.5–6.1) | 6.1 (5.6–6.3) | 0.062 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.7 (4.3–5.3) | 4.9 (4.3–5.5) | 0.302 | 5.1 (4.5–5.5) | 5.1 (4.6–5.9) | 0.426 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | 0.041 | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 0.028 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | 0.075 | 1.6 (1.3–1.8) | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | 0.029 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.0±0.8 | 3.2±0.9 | 0.286 | 3.1±0.8 | 3.4±0.9 | 0.033 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.89 (2.20–3.92) | 3.24 (2.25–4.91) | 0.171 | 3.62 (2.75–4.78) | 4.08 (3.13–5.07) | 0.128 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 45 (65.22) | 30 (71.43) | 0.498 | 4 (3.70) | 3 (8.82) | 0.358 |
| Alcohol intake, n (%) | 22 (31.88) | 17 (40.48) | 0.358 | 3 (2.78) | 0 (0.00) | 1.000 |
| SFA (cm2) | 110.19±44.09 | 149.19±50.11 | <0.001 | 169.42±61.17 | 207.78±71.90 | 0.003 |
| VFA (cm2) | 67.70±33.78 | 112.83±49.98 | <0.001 | 54.96±23.79 | 66.34±23.58 | 0.018 |
| WC (cm) | 84.5±7.5 | 91.9±6.9 | <0.001 | 78.9±8.3 | 84.7±8.1 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.6±2.6 | 26.2±2.5 | <0.001 | 23.4±2.9 | 25.4±2.8 | 0.001 |
| WHR | 0.88±0.05 | 0.92±0.05 | <0.001 | 0.84±0.06 | 0.87±0.05 | 0.003 |
| ABSI (m7/6/kg2/3) | 0.0788±0.0030 | 0.0799±0.0036 | 0.090 | 0.0767±0.0038 | 0.0779±0.0047 | 0.119 |
| AVI (cm2) | 14.18 (12.89–16.23) | 16.21 (15.13–18.57) | <0.001 | 12.46 (10.91–14.18) | 13.95 (13.31–15.89) | <0.001 |
| BAI (0.01 m-0.5) | 25.38±2.53 | 26.60±3.58 | 0.058 | 28.98±2.99 | 30.31±3.59 | 0.033 |
| BRI | 3.35±0.85 | 4.41±0.90 | <0.001 | 3.34±0.90 | 4.02±1.00 | <0.001 |
| CI (m2/3/kg1/2) | 1.22±0.06 | 1.26±0.06 | 0.001 | 1.19±0.06 | 1.22±0.07 | 0.007 |
| VAI | 1.17 (0.84–1.70) | 1.52 (1.19–2.09) | 0.009 | 1.35 (0.86–1.83) | 1.68 (1.39–2.25) | 0.004 |
Data were presented in the form of mean ±SD deviation, median (IQR) or counts (percentages), depending on its type. All adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors between groups with and without MetS were compared using an independent t-test, Mann-Whitney rank sum test, Pearson’s χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test according to the characteristics of the data.
2hPG, plasma glucose for 2 hours after a glucose load; ABSI, a body shape index; AVI, abdominal volume index; BAI, body adiposity index; BMI, body mass index; BRI, body roundness index; CI, conicity; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FINS, fasting plasma insulin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS, metabolic syndrome; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SFA, subcutaneous fat area; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; VAI, visceral adiposity index.; VFA, visceral fat area; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.