Table 3

Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with overall elder abuse

Characteristics	Crude OR	95% CI	p Value	Adjusted OR	95% CI	p Value
Age
Old–old (80+ years)	0.87	0.36 to 2.10	0.757	0.70	0.22 to 2.28	0.559
Old (70–79 years)	0.70	0.40 to 1.21	0.197*	0.71	0.37 to 1.33	0.283
Young–old (60–69 years)	Ref			Ref
Sex
Male	1.34	0.80 to 2.24	0.265	2.24	1.23 to 3.78	0.008*
Female	Ref			Ref
Marital status
Not married	3.29	1.10 to 9.82	0.033*	0.73	0.23 to 2.31	0.589
Widowed	0.87	0.48 to 1.58	0.637	0.77	0.34 to 1.74	0.530
Married	Ref			Ref
Ethnicity
Non Malay	1.73	0.63 to 4.81	0.290		–
Malay	Ref
Educational level
Secondary or higher	0.76	0.40 to 1.46	0.412		–
No formal or primary	Ref
Poverty
Hardcore poor (<RM440)	1.65	0.87 to 3.13	0.122*	1.88	0.90 to 3.90	0.091
Poor (RM441-700)	1.17	0.61 to 2.23	0.635	1.05	0.52 to 2.14	0.891
Non-poor (>RM700)	Ref			Ref
Living arrangements
Staying alone	1.99	0.93 to 4.26	0.076*	1.20	0.44 to 3.28	0.718
Not staying alone	Ref			Ref
Current employment
Currently employed	1.60	0.75 to 3.41	0.223	1.64	0.75 to 3.56	0.213
Not currently employed	Ref
Physical function
Walking speed	1.37	0.24 to 7.68	0.724		–
Physical health
Below normal	1.12	0.67 to 1.88	0.655		–
Normal	Ref
Chronic disease
Presence of any one disease	1.85	0.90 to 3.79	0.094*	1.93	0.85 to 4.40	0.116
No chronic disease	Ref			Ref
Cognitive impairment
Borderline	1.28	0.66 to 2.49	0.471		–
None	Ref
Stress
Stress	5.69	1.89 to 17.14	0.002*	0.98	0.32 to 2.99	0.996
No stress	Ref			Ref
Anxiety
Anxiety	6.24	2.88 to 13.52	<0.001*	2.44	0.89 to 6.68	0.082
No anxiety	Ref			Ref
Depressive symptoms
Depressive symptoms	9.97	4.58 to 21.73	<0.001*	7.83	2.88 to 21.27	<0.001**
No depressive symptoms	Ref			Ref
History of abuse (prior to age 60)
Abuse	5.79	2.65 to 12.64	<0.001*	3.28	1.40 to 7.68	0.006**
No abuse	Ref			Ref
Risk of social isolation
At risk	2.18	1.25 to 3.80	0.006*	1.96	1.07 to 3.58	0.029**
Not at risk	Ref			Ref

*Significant at p<0.250;** Significant at p<0.05.