Baseline characteristics among patients with diabetes aged 35 years and older*
| Characteristics | South Asian (n=13 755) | Chinese (n=22 871) | Other (n=172 244) |
| Age, mean age (years)±SD or % | |||
| All patients | 56.4±12.6 | 59.2±12.7 | 61.5±12.8 |
| 35–49 | 33.2 | 24.7 | 18.8 |
| 50–64 | 39.8 | 43.1 | 42.0 |
| 65–79 | 23.2 | 25.3 | 29.5 |
| ≥80 | 3.87 | 6.8 | 9.7 |
| Women (%) | 45.0 | 48.4 | 45.1 |
| Income quintile (%) | |||
| First quintile (low) | 25.6 | 27.4 | 21.2 |
| Second quintile | 32.2 | 23.4 | 20.7 |
| Third quintile | 20.4 | 20.2 | 20.0 |
| Fourth quintile | 12.3 | 14.4 | 19.3 |
| Fifth quintile (high) | 8.8 | 13.4 | 17.5 |
| Unknown | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.2 |
| Comorbidities (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 42.0 | 44.0 | 47.9 |
| Myocardial infarction | 2.2 | 1.0 | 2.6 |
| Congestive heart failure | 3.0 | 2.1 | 5.3 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 0.6 | 1.3 | 2.0 |
| Cancer | 2.8 | 3.8 | 6.3 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1.8 | 2.0 | 3.2 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 11.2 | 6.4 | 11.4 |
| Renal disease | 2.2 | 2.3 | 3.1 |
| Medications prescribed at baseline, n (%) | |||
| ACEi | 15.7 | 11.0 | 22.8 |
| ARB | 7.2 | 10.0 | 8.7 |
| CCB | 8.1 | 9.1 | 8.5 |
| Diuretic | 11.3 | 12.4 | 18.3 |
| β-blocker | 9.5 | 8.4 | 13.3 |
| Metformin | 21.3 | 15.4 | 23.8 |
| Sulfonylurea | 3.8 | 2.6 | 3.5 |
| Insulin | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.7 |
| Statin | 24.2 | 20.8 | 26.9 |
| Medications prescribed after 1 year of diabetes diagnosis, n (%) | |||
| ACEi | 26.1 | 17.8 | 33.5 |
| ARB | 12.6 | 16.3 | 13.7 |
| CCB | 12.6 | 13.9 | 12.8 |
| Diuretic | 18.7 | 18.6 | 27.0 |
| Any ACEi, ARB, CCB, diuretic | 55.2 | 47.7 | 64.9 |
*All p values comparing the three ethnic groups were less than 0.001.
ACEi, ACE inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker.