Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors associated with DR in patients with diabetes
| Variables | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
| p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | |
| Age (category) | 0.077 | 1.136 (0.972 to 1.328) | 0.270 | 0.882 (0.706 to 1.102) |
| Gender | 0.979 | 1.005 (0.711 to 1.419) | 0.183 | 1.311 (0.880 to 1.952) |
| Duration (category) | <0.001 | 1.503 (1.201 to 1.882) | <0.001 | 1.735 (1.368 to 2.202) |
| BMI (category) | 0.593 | 1.116 (0.747 to 1.666) | 0.046 | 1.579 (1.007 to 2.475) |
| SBP (category) | 0.005 | 1.133 (1.039 to 1.236) | 0.012 | 1.127 (1.027 to 1.238) |
| DBP (category) | 0.644 | 0.965 (0.828 to 1.124) | 0.085 | 0.842 (0.692 to 1.024) |
| CCR (category) | 0.059 | 1.395 (0.987 to 1.972) | 0.014 | 1.613 (1.103 to 2.358) |
| UA | 0.001 | 0.996 (0.994 to 0.998) | 0.018 | 0.997 (0.995 to 0.999) |
| FPG | <0.001 | 1.215 (1.154 to 1.279) | <0.001 | 1.220 (1.152 to 1.291) |
| TC | 0.662 | 1.035 (0.886, 1. 211) | 0.365 | 1.290 (0.744 to 2.239) |
| TG | 0.740 | 0.985 (0.902,1.076) | 0.289 | 0.908 (0.761 to 1.085) |
| HDL-C | 0.486 | 1.188 (0.731,1.931) | 0.687 | 0.836 (0.349 to 2.000) |
| LDL-C | 0.967 | 1.004 (0.819.1.232) | 0.363 | 0.767 (0.434 to 1.357) |
| Abdominal obesity (category) | 0.581 | 1.111 (0.764 to 1.618) | 0.486 | 1.198 (0.721 to 1.992) |
The continuous data were transformed into categorical data: (1) age was divided into 10-year groups; (2) blood pressure was divided into 10 mm Hg groups; (3) the course of the disease was divided into three groups:<5, 5–9 and >9 years; (4) BMI: <24 kg/m2 (normal), >24 kg/m2 (overweight); (5) CCR <90 mL/min (abnormal), CCR >90 mL/min (normal); (6) abdominal obesity: men, waist circumference >85 cm, women, waist circumference of >80 cm, or waist-to-hip ratio >0.93.
BMI, body mass index; CCR, creatinine clearance rate; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DR, diabetic retinopathy; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; UA, uric acid.