Demographic characteristics of the study sample
| Subject | Characteristics | Total (n=727) | Parents at-risk (n=177) | Parents not at-risk (n=550) | p Value |
| Mother | Mean age (SD), years | 30.0 (4.5) | 30.7 (5.3) | 29.8 (4.2) | 0.048 |
| <19 years (%) | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.003 | |
| Nationality (Dutch, %) | 96.7 | 93.2 | 97.8 | 0.003 | |
| Educational level (low, %) | 7.4 | 13.2 | 5.5 | 0.002 | |
| IPARAN score | 1.35 (1.94) | 3.73 (2.46) | 0.59 (0.80) | <0.001 | |
| Father | Mean age (SD), years | 32.5 (5.2) | 32.6 (6.0) | 32.4 (4.9) | 0.671 |
| <19 years (%) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | – | |
| Nationality (Dutch, %) | 97.6 | 94.7 | 98.5 | 0.004 | |
| Educational level (low, %) | 13.6 | 13.1 | 13.8 | 0.962 | |
| IPARAN score | 1.02 (1.33) | 2.51 (1.63) | 0.58 (0.81) | <0.001 | |
| Child | Gender of child (boy, %) | 52.2 | 59.3 | 49.9 | 0.029 |
| Mean age of child (SD), months | 5.2 (3.5) | 5.1 (2.8) | 5.2 (3.7) | 0.806 | |
| Duration of pregnancy (<38 weeks, %) | 8.9 | 15.3 | 6.9 | 0.001 | |
| Birth weight (<2500 g, %) | 5.2 | 11.3 | 3.3 | <0.001 | |
| Household | Family composition (single parent, %) | 1.7 | 5.1 | 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Net monthly family income (<€1800,- %) | 10.9 | 15.5 | 9.4 | 0.024 | |
| Other | Gender of parent* (female, %) | 93.0 | 92.7 | 93.1 | 0.844 |
*Gender of the parent who completed the remaining part of the baseline questionnaire.
Bold numbers indicate a significant difference between parents at-risk and parents not at-risk (p<0.05) as tested with an independent t-test or chi-square test.
IPARAN, instrument for Identification of Parents at Risk for child Abuse and Neglect.