Table 1

Trial and intervention characteristics

Study	Intervention description	Underlying framework	Support network involved and role	Intervention deliverer(s)	Setting where intervention was delivered	Length (months)	Intervention contact time (min)
Wing et al 21	Behavioural weight loss programme with calorie restriction	Behavioural marital therapy	Spouse; participated in intervention, spouse support for modifying diet and exercise habits	Staff and physicians	NR	5	960
Brown et al 22	Instructional and support group emphasising nutrition, monitoring and self-care	NR	Close family member or close friend; participated in intervention	Clinicians and community health workers	Community	12	120
Pearce et al 42	Individualised patient education sessions and newsletters	Health belief model	Relative or friend; joined participant for education session	Nurse practitioner educator	Community and telephone	12	NR
Samuel- Hodge et al 43	Individualised counselling, group education sessions and phone contact	Behaviour change and adult education	Church community; building community support systems	Church diabetes advisor (CDA) and a health professional	Community and telephone	12	1140–1500
Kang et al 23	Individualised counselling, group education sessions and phone contact	NR	Household family member; participate in intervention, dyad also received an education plan based on their needs	Clinicians and social workers	Hospital and telephone	6	450
Keogh et al 24	Individualised sessions to modify diabetes perceptions and develop action plans	Self-regulation of health and illness	Family member; participated in intervention, tailored to dyad	Psychologist	Home	0.75	100
Toobert et al 26	Group sessions based on education and problem-solving	NR	Family members; participate in family nights	Group leader	Community	NR	NR
Trief et al 25	Diabetes education, goal setting and collaborative problem solving	Social learning theory	Spouse/partner: participated in couples’ calls to promote collaborative problem-solving	Diabetes educator and marriage/family therapist	Telephone	3	NR
Haltiwanger et al 27	Diabetes education group sessions	NR	Spouse; participated in intervention	Health educator	NR	2	720
Khosravizade et al 30	Individualised education; focus on medication adherence and family support behaviour	NR	Household family member; attended small group sessions for family members	Researchers	NR	3	NR
Shaya et al 28	Education sessions and team building exercises	Education and medication therapy management	Peers; participated in intervention which included team-building	Nurse practitioner educator	Community	6	NR
Sorkin et al 29	Group sessions, home visits and booster phone calls	Lifestyle changes	Daughter; participated in intervention, dyadic collaboration encouraged	Lifestyle community coach	Community, home and telephone	4	NR
Greene et al 33	Diabetes self-management education	NR	Household family member or companion; participated in intervention	Unclear	NR	2	3120
Baig et al 36	Group education classes focused on nutrition, physical activity and behavioural problem solving	Social cognitive theory, the transtheoretical model, and self-determination theory	Church community; community based participatory study	Lay leaders	Community	2	720
Kasteleyn et al 31	Home visits with individualised education sessions	Self-efficacy	Spouse/partner; attended sessions	Diabetes nurse practitioner	Home	2	155
Trief et al 38	Telephone calls with education and behavioural strategies with spouse	Interdependence theory and social learning theory	Spouse/partner; participated in intervention and phone calls based collaborative problem-solving and interdependence	Diabetes educator or counsellor	Telephone	3	720
McEwen et al 40	Family-based T2DM social support intervention	Family social capital	Family members; participated in intervention	Certified diabetes educator nurse	Community, home and telephone	3	1140
Samuel-Hodge et al 37	Group-based sessions focusing on group sharing and problem solving	Social interdependence and social support theories	Family member; participated in intervention	Registered dietitians	University	5	2400
Wichit et al 39	Group-based education sessions using workbooks	Self-efficacy theory	Household family member; participated in intervention	Registered nurse	Diabetes clinic	3	360

NR, not reported; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.