Table 1

Dimensions and indicators of forced labour10

Dimension of forced labourIndicator
Unfree recruitmentInvoluntariness Strong indicators Recruitment linked to debt (advance or loan)
Deception about the nature of the work
Medium indicators Deceptive recruitment
Penalty Strong indicators Denunciation to authorities
Confiscation of identity or travel documents
Sexual or physical violence
Withholding assets (cash or other)
Threats against family members
Medium indicators Exclusion from community and social life
Financial penalties
Work and life under duressInvoluntariness Strong indicators Forced overtime (beyond legal limit)
Limited freedom of movement and communication
Degrading living conditions
Medium indicators Multiple dependency on employer (housing)
Penalty Strong indicators Denunciation to authorities
Confiscation of identity or travel documents
Confiscation of mobile phone
Isolation
Locked in workplace/living quarters
Sexual/physical violence
Withholding assets (cash or other)
Threats against family members
Medium indicators Dismissal
Financial penalties
Impossibility of leaving employerInvoluntariness Strong indicators No freedom to resign
Forced to stay longer than agreed while waiting for wages due
Forced to work for indeterminate period in order to repay outstanding debt or wage advance
Medium indicators N/A
Penalty Strong indicators Denunciation to authorities
Confiscation of identity or travel documents
Locked in workplace/living quarters
Sexual/physical violence
Constant surveillance
Withholding of assets (cash or other) or of wages
Threats against family members
Medium indicators Dismissal
Financial penalties