Prospective studies examining the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on pregnancy outcomes (studies included in the meta-analysis)
| Study (year) | Country | Event | Total number | Outcomes | Timing of exposure | Age at outcome assessment (child) | Adjusted (yes/no) |
| Lundsberg (2015)22 | USA | 191 315 274 | 3907 | Birth weight (<2500 g) SGA (<10th percentile) Preterm birth (<37 weeks) | First trimester | Birth | Yes |
| Nykjaer (2014)49 | UK | − − − − 23 | 535 | Birth weight (g) Customised birth centile SGA (<10th centile) Low birth weight (<2500 g) Preterm birth (<37 weeks) | First trimester | Birth | Yes |
| Niclasen (2014)50 | Denmark | − | 10 649 | 10% with highest problem scores, SDQ, parent report Boys internalising behaviour Girls internalising behaviour Boys externalising behaviour Girls externalising behaviour | Entire pregnancy | 7 years | Yes |
| Miyake33 | Japan | 126 185 − 202 | 1493 | Preterm birth (<37 weeks) SGA (<10th percentile) Adjusted mean birth weight Low birth weight (<2500 g) | Between 5th and 39th weeks of pregnancy | 0–11 months | Yes |
| McCarthy23 | New Zealand, Australia, UK and Ireland | − 325 150 | 3166 | Birth weight SGA (<10th percentile) Preterm birth (<37 weeks) | First trimester | Birth | yes |
| Salihu27 | USA | − | − | Preterm birth (<37 weeks) SGA (<10th percentile) | Within the gestational age range 20–44 weeks | Birth | Yes |
| Robinson34 | Australia | 202 | 1335 | Clinically significant problems (T score ≥60), CBCL Parent report Internalising behaviour Externalising behaviour | Second trimester | 2–14 years inclusive | Yes |
| Jaddoe51 | Holland; UK | − − − | 4132 | Low birth weight SGA (weight <−2 SD scores) Preterm birth (<37 weeks) Birth weight | Late pregnancy | Birth | Yes |
| Sayal52 | UK | − | 10 323 | 10% with highest problem scores, SDQ parent report Hyperactivity—externalising | First trimester | 7.75 years | Yes |
| Sayal52 | UK | − | 10 323 | 10% with highest problem scores, SDQ parent report Conduct problems—externalising | First trimester | 7.75 years | Yes |
| Albertsen24 | Denmark | 1488 | 29 463 | Preterm birth (<37 weeks) Moderate preterm birth (32–37 weeks) Very preterm birth (<32 weeks) | During pregnancy | Birth | Yes |
| Lundsberg53 | USA | 2062 | SGA (lowest 10th percentile) Low birth weight Preterm delivery (<37 weeks) | First trimester | Birth | Yes | |
| Passaro54 | UK | 8886 | Birth weight (g) | At booking for antenatal care (before 24 weeks gestation) | Birth | Yes | |
| Shu55 | USA | 638 | Birth weight (g) | Throughout pregnancy (12.9, 28 and 36 weeks gestation) | Birth | Yes | |
| Peacock26 | UK | 64 | 901 | Preterm birth (<37 weeks) | At booking for antenatal care (before 24 weeks gestation) | Birth | No |
| Olsen56 | Denmark | 8772 | Birth weight (<2500 g) | During the first 36 weeks gestation | Birth | yes | |
| Brooke21 | UK | 1140 | Birth weight (g) | Early pregnancy | Birth | yes |
CBCL, Child Behaviour Checklist; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SGA, small for gestation age.