Table 1
PRs for lack of previous cervical cancer screening and corresponding 95% CI according to selected characteristics, Bhutan, 2016
| Characteristic | N tested | Never screened n (%) | Adjusted PR* | 95% CI |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 30–39 | 1139 | 497 (43.6) | 1 | – |
| 40–49 | 818 | 407 (49.8) | 1.14 | 1.05 to 1.24 |
| ≥50 | 633 | 383 (60.5) | 1.36 | 1.26 to 1.47 |
for trend
| p<0.001 | |||
| Region | ||||
| East | 1500 | 625 (41.7) | 1 | – |
| West | 1090 | 662 (60.7) | 2.84 | 2.05 to 3.95 |
| Travel time from village to BHU (hours)† | ||||
| <1 | 656 | 285 (43.5) | 1 | – |
| 1–5 | 1287 | 576 (44.8) | 1.01 | 0.91 to 1.12 |
| Missing | 6 | 4 (66.7) | – | – |
| ≥6 | 641 | 422 (65.8) | 1.53 | 1.38 to 1.69 |
for trend
| p<0.001 | |||
| Ethnicity† | ||||
| Scharchop | 1435 | 615 (42.9) | 1 | – |
| Ngalop | 340 | 236 (69.4) | 1.65 | 1.52 to 1.80 |
| Lhotsampa | 686 | 401 (58.5) | 1.41 | 1.29 to 1.53 |
| Khengpa | 113 | 26 (23.0) | 0.58 | 0.41 to 0.81 |
| Other | 16 | 9 (56.3) | 1.49 | 0.97 to 2.31 |
| Education level | ||||
| Illiterate | 2372 | 1191 (50.2) | 1 | – |
| Literate | 218 | 96 (44.0) | 0.85 | 0.73 to 0.99 |
| Current occupation | ||||
| Farmer/ housewife | 2488 | 1254 (50.4) | 1 | – |
| Shopkeeper/saleswoman/manual worker | 53 | 12 (22.6) | 0.56 | 0.34 to 0.90 |
| Clerical staff/teacher/health worker/nun | 49 | 21 (42.9) | 0.97 | 0.72 to 1.31 |
| Marital status† | ||||
| Married/living as married | 2390 | 1175 (49.2) | 1 | – |
| Never married | 21 | 16 (76.2) | 1.35 | 1.07 to 1.71 |
| Widow/separated/divorced | 179 | 96 (53.6) | 1.05 | 0.92 to 1.21 |
| Number of pregnancies† | ||||
| 0 | 67 | 43 (64.2) | 1.25 | 1.05 to 1.49 |
| 1–2 | 604 | 285 (47.2) | 1.03 | 0.94 to 1.14 |
| ≥3 | 1919 | 959 (50.0) | 1 | – |
for trend
| p=0.057 | |||
| Lifetime number of sexual partners | ||||
| 0–1 | 2020 | 983 (48.7) | 1 | – |
| 2 | 341 | 166 (48.7) | 0.97 | 0.88 to 1.08 |
| ≥3 | 214 | 126 (58.9) | 0.98 | 0.88 to 1.09 |
| Prefer not to answer | 15 | 12 (80.0) | – | – |
for trend
| p=0.601 | |||
| Age at first sexual intercourse (years)‡ | ||||
| 9–14 | 245 | 124 (50.6) | 1 | – |
| 15–16 | 515 | 235 (45.6) | 0.93 | 0.81 to 1.06 |
| 17–19 | 968 | 452 (46.7) | 1.00 | 0.89 to 1.12 |
| ≥20 | 707 | 365 (51.6) | 1.02 | 0.91 to 1.15 |
| Prefer not to answer/unknown | 143 | 101 (70.6) | – | – |
for trend
| p=0.151 | |||
| HPV infection | ||||
| Negative | 2325 | 1168 (50.2) | 1 | – |
| Positive | 265 | 119 (44.9) | 1.01 | 0.91 to 1.13 |
*Adjusted for age (three classes: 30–39; 40–49; 50+) and BHU as appropriate.
†Adjusted for age only —when adjusted for BHU, model does not converge.
‡Among sexually active women.
BHU, Basic Health Units; HPV, human papillomavirus; PR, prevalence ratio.