Table 1

Definition of review outcomes

Diseases/conditionsDefinition
 Diabetes mellitus (WHO/IDF) 2006Fasting plasma glucose (≥7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL)) or 2-hour plasma glucose (≥11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL))
 Hypertension or high blood pressure —JNC 753 Hypertension (high blood pressure) defined as ≥140/90/90 mm Hg, systolic and diastolic pressure
The following are the criteria for diagnosis:
1. Optimal blood pressure — <120/80 mm Hg, systolic and diastolic blood pressure
2. Prehypertension — 120–139/80–89 mm Hg, systolic and diastolic blood pressure
3. Stage 1 hypertension — 140–159/90–99 mm Hg, systolic and diastolic blood pressure
4. Stage 2 hypertension — >160/100 mm Hg, systolic and diastolic blood pressure
 Metabolic syndromeMetabolic syndrome is a constellation of interrelated metabolic risk factors that appear to increase the risk and directly promote the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.75 The diagnostic criteria for identifying metabolic syndrome for this study include55 75:
•NCEP/ATP III criteria — Diagnosis of 3 out of 5: abdominal obesity, given as waist circumference (men 102 cm (40 inches), women 88 cm (35 inches)), triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol (men <40 mg/dL, women <50 mg/dL), blood pressure ≥130/≥85 mm Hg, fasting glucose ≥110 mg/dL
•WHO criteria — Diagnosis of insulin resistance (either, type 2 diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, normal fasting glucose levels (110 mg/dL) or glucose uptake below the lowest quartile). In addition, diagnosis of 2 other risk factors is sufficient.
1. Antihypertensive medication and/or high blood pressure (≥140 mm Hg systolic or ≥90 mm Hg diastolic)
2. Plasma triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL (≥1.7 mmol/L)
3. HDL cholesterol (men 35 mg/dL (0.9 mmol/L), women 39 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L))
4. Body mass index 30 kg/m2 and/or waist:hip ratio (men >0.9, women >0.85)
5. Urinary albumin excretion rate (≥20 g/min) or albumin:creatinine ratio (≥30 mg/g)
•EGIR criteria — A plasma insulin >75th percentile with any 2 risk factors: waist circumference (men ≥94 cm, women ≥80 cm), triglyceride (≥150 mg/dL) and/or HDL-C (<39 mg/dL) in men or women, ≥140 mm Hg or on antihypertensive medication, impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose but not diabetes
•IDF criteria — A central obesity and any 2 or 4 additional risk factors: raised triglyceride (≥1.7 mmol/L (150 mg/dL), reduced HDL-cholesterol (male <1.03 mmol/L (40 mg/dL), women <1.29 mmol/L (50 mg/dL)), raised blood pressure (≥130/≥85 mm Hg) or antihypertensive drug, raised fasting plasma glucose (≥5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL)) or diagnosed type 2 diabetes

  • EGIR, European Group for Study of Insulin Resistance; IDF, International Diabetes Federation; JNC 7, Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; NCEP/ATP III, National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III definition; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.