Included studies reporting endpoints of interest
Study (reference) | Country | Trial dates | Modified Jadad* | Potential for bias | Hospital setting | Depth of sedation | Sedative | Monitoring staff | Oxygen at baseline | N (control, Cap) |
Beitz et al 28 | Germany | 10 February, 11 January | 5.5 | High: 3 | Colonoscopy | ‘adequate’ | Propofol | Not specified | 2 L/min | 757 (374, 383) |
Deitch et al 26 | USA | 6 November, 8 February | 5.5 | Low: 0 | Emergency department | Moderate | Propofol | Not specified | 3 L/min | 132 (64, 68) |
Friedrich-Rust et al 29 | Germany | 12 June, 13 May | 6 | Low: 0 | Colonoscopy | Deep | Propofol† | Anaesthesiologist or sedation-trained nurse | 2 L/min | 533 (266, 267) |
Langhan et al 31 | USA | 11 September, 13 January | 6 | Low: 0 | Paediatric emergency department | NA | Ketamine, midazolam | ‘Treating staff’ | None | 154 (77, 77) |
Lightdale et al 6 | USA | 3 December, 4 November | 8 | Low: 0 | Endoscopy | Moderate | Fentanyl, midazolam | Independent observer | 2 L/min | 163 (80, 83) |
Qadeer et al 5 | USA | 7 January, 8 May | 7.5 | Moderate: 1 | ERCP and EUS | NA | Midazolam† | Independent observer | None | 247 (124, 123) |
Slagelse et al 32 | Denmark | 10 September, 11 January | 6 | Low: 0 | Endoscopy | NA | Propofol | Sedation-trained nurse | 2–3 L/min | 540 (277, 263) |
van Loon et al 27 | Netherlands | 10 April, 11 January | 5 | Low: 0 | Gynaecology | Deep | Propofol | Medical team providing sedation | None | 415 (209, 206) |
Zongming et al 30 | China | 10 November, 13 May | 6 | Low: 0 | Abortion | Deep | Propofol | Anaesthesiologist | 3 L/min | 700 (359, 341) |
Campbell et al 49 | Canada | 6 April, 12 April | 5 | Moderate: 2 | Emergency department | NA | Physician’s choice | Paramedic acute care practitioner | 98.7% received oxygen | 986 (501, 485) |
Klare et al 34 | Germany | 10 February, 11 October | 5.5 | Moderate: 1 | ERCP | Deep | Midazolam and propofol | Physician not performing procedure | 2 L/min | 238 (117, 121) |
Mehta et al 25 | USA | 13 December, 15 January | 8 | Low: 0 | Colonoscopy | Moderate | Fentanyl or meperidine, plus midazolam | Independent observer | None | 231 (114, 117) |
Mehta et al 25 | USA | 13 December, 15 January | 8 | Low: 0 | EGD | Moderate | Fentanyl or meperidine, plus midazolam | Independent observer | None | 209 (108, 101) |
Riphaus et al 33 | Germany | 10 June, 11 November | 5.5 | High: 3 | EUS | ‘adequate’ | Midazolam and propofol | Independent observer | 2 L/min | 170 (87, 83) |
*Higher scores indicate higher quality studies. In the present analysis, a score of 6.0–8.0 was designated as high quality.
†In combination with multiple other agents.
Cap, capnography (arm); EGD, esophagogastroduodenoscopy; ERCP, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; EUS, endoscopic ultrasonography; NA, not applicable.