Prevalence of and risk factors for hysterectomy among women in rural Anyang, China, 2009–2011
| Variables | Hysterectomy, N (%) | No hysterectomy, N (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)* | p Value* |
| Total | 110 (3.31) | 3218 (96.69) | |||
| Age (years) | |||||
| 25–40 | 4 (3.64) | 892 (27.72) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 41–56 | 66 (60.00) | 1527 (47.45) | 9.52 (3.53 to 25.64) | 7.82 (2.87 to 21.31) | <0.001 |
| 57–69 | 40 (36.36) | 799 (24.83) | 11.04 (4.02 to 30.31) | 10.10 (3.48 to 29.32) | <0.001 |
| ptrend† | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Marital status | |||||
| Never married, divorced, separated or widowed | 5 (4.63) | 177 (5.59) | 1.00 | ||
| Married or cohabiting | 103 (95.37) | 2992 (94.41) | 1.24 (0.50 to 3.12) | ||
| Type of employment | |||||
| Farming | 101 (93.52) | 2845 (89.78) | 1.00 | ||
| Non-farming | 7 (6.48) | 324 (10.22) | 0.61 (0.28 to 1.32) | ||
| Education level | |||||
| Illiteracy (<1 year) or primary school (1–6 years) | 72 (66.67) | 1814 (57.33) | 1.00 | ||
| Junior high school (7–9 years) | 31 (28.70) | 1173 (37.07) | 0.67 (0.44 to 1.03) | ||
| Senior high school or above (>9 years) | 5 (4.63) | 177 (5.59) | 0.71 (0.28 to 1.79) | ||
| ptrend† | 0.085 | ||||
| Household annual income, RMB | |||||
| ≤10 000 | 23 (35.94) | 511 (30.42) | 1.00 | ||
| 10 001–29 999 | 17 (26.56) | 534 (31.79) | 0.71 (0.37 to 1.34) | ||
| ≥30 000 | 24 (37.50) | 635 (37.80) | 0.86 (0.48 to 1.54) | ||
| ptrend† | 0.643 | ||||
| Cigarette smoking | |||||
| Never | 108 (100.00) | 3160 (99.72) | 1.00 | ||
| Ever | 0 (0.00) | 9 (0.28) | NE | ||
| Alcohol consumption | |||||
| Never | 107 (99.07) | 3163 (99.81) | 1.00 | ||
| Ever | 1 (0.93) | 6 (0.19) | 4.89 (0.58 to 41.33) | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | |||||
| Normal weight (18.5≤ BMI <24.0) | 40 (36.70) | 1358 (44.42) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Overweight (24.0 ≤ BMI <28.0) | 34 (31.19) | 1011 (33.07) | 1.15 (0.72 to 1.84) | 1.06 (0.66 to 1.70) | 0.815 |
| Obese (BMI ≥28.0) | 34 (31.19) | 587 (19.20) | 2.01 (1.26 to 3.22) | 1.59 (0.99 to 2.56) | 0.054 |
| Underweight (BMI <18.5) | 1 (0.92) | 101 (3.30) | 0.35 (0.05 to 2.51) | 0.38 (0.05 to 2.94) | 0.355 |
| ptrend† | 0.061 | 0.223 | |||
| Age (years) at menarche | |||||
| ≤15 | 46 (42.99) | 1394 (44.45) | 1.00 | ||
| 16–18 | 45 (42.06) | 1391 (44.36) | 0.98 (0.64 to 1.49) | ||
| ≥19 | 16 (14.95) | 351 (11.19) | 1.38 (0.77 to 2.46) | ||
| ptrend† | 0.437 | ||||
| Menstruation | |||||
| Regular | 73 (68.22) | 2223 (70.80) | 1.00 | ||
| Irregular | 34 (31.78) | 917 (29.20) | 0.88 (0.58 to 1.34) | ||
| Age (years) at first birth | |||||
| ≤22 | 53 (49.53) | 1273 (40.84) | 1.00 | ||
| 23–24 | 31 (28.97) | 1102 (35.35) | 0.68 (0.43 to 1.07) | ||
| ≥25 | 23 (21.50) | 742 (23.80) | 0.75 (0.46 to 1.23) | ||
| ptrend† | 0.166 | ||||
| Parity | |||||
| ≤2 | 53 (49.07) | 1939 (61.77) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| >2 | 55 (50.93) | 1200 (38.23) | 1.72 (1.16 to 2.53) | 1.05 (0.67 to 1.64) | 0.842 |
| History of fetal loss | |||||
| Never | 50 (45.45) | 1825 (56.71) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Ever | 60 (54.55) | 1393 (43.29) | 1.56 (1.06 to 2.30) | 1.51 (1.02 to 2.23) | 0.038 |
| Use of intrauterine contraceptive devices | |||||
| No | 29 (26.85) | 669 (21.14) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 79 (73.15) | 2495 (78.86) | 0.72 (0.47 to 1.11) | ||
| Tubal ligation | |||||
| No | 63 (58.33) | 1948 (61.57) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 45 (41.67) | 1216 (38.43) | 1.15 (0.78 to 1.69) | ||
| History of cervicitis | |||||
| Never | 91 (86.67) | 2534 (85.18) | 1.00 | ||
| Ever | 14 (13.33) | 441 (14.82) | 0.89 (0.50 to 1.58) | ||
| History of vaginitis | |||||
| Never | 80 (76.19) | 2410 (80.95) | 1.00 | ||
| Ever | 25 (23.81) | 567 (19.05) | 1.32 (0.83 to 2.09) | ||
| History of pelvic inflammation | |||||
| Never | 104 (96.30) | 2794 (93.92) | 1.00 | ||
| Ever | 4 (3.70) | 181 (6.08) | 0.59 (0.21 to 1.63) | ||
| History of postintercourse bleeding | |||||
| Never | 98 (91.59) | 2856 (90.96) | 1.00 | ||
| Ever | 9 (8.41) | 284 (9.04) | 0.92 (0.46 to 1.84) | ||
| Genital washing before sex | |||||
| Rare | 86 (79.63) | 2329 (73.52) | 1.00 | ||
| Occasional | 11 (10.19) | 400 (12.63) | 0.75 (0.39 to 1.41) | ||
| Often | 111 (10.19) | 439 (13.86) | 0.67 (0.36 to 1.28) | ||
| ptrend† | 0.162 |
*Variables that were statistically significant in univariate GEE regression analyses were included in multivariate models. Adjusted ORs, 95% CIs and p values were calculated by multivariate GEE regression model including age group, BMI, parity and history of fetal loss.
†p Values for trend were calculated by GEE regression analyses, treating categorical variables as continuous variables.
BMI, body mass index; GEE, generalised estimating equation; NE, not estimable; RMB, renminbi.