Baseline demographic and health characteristics of overall primary cohort of new users of acid suppression therapy, by type of acid suppressant at the time of cohort entry, and those who were ever exposed to PPI
| Overall cohort | New users of H2 blockers at time of cohort entry | New users of PPI at time of cohort entry | Ever exposed to PPI* | p Value† | ||
| N | 349 312 | 73 335 | 275 977 | 309 113 | ||
| Age (SD) | 61.00 (14.92) | 58.48 (15.13) | 61.67 (14.79) | 61.37 (14.77) | <0.001 | |
| eGFR in mL/min/1.73 m2 (SD) | 76.89 (22.66) | 79.64 (21.96) | 76.16 (22.79) | 76.60 (22.79) | <0.001 | |
| Number of outpatient serum creatinine measurements (SD) | 6.85 (7.55) | 6.67 (7.39) | 6.89 (7.59) | 7.27 (8.00) | <0.001 | |
| Number of hospitalisations (SD) | 0.51 (1.39) | 0.52 (1.45) | 0.51 (1.37) | 0.56 (1.49) | 0.014 | |
| Race | White (%) | 275 473 (78.86) | 56 530 (77.08) | 218 943 (79.33) | 244 230 (79.01) | <0.001 |
| Black (%) | 59 243 (16.96) | 13 229 (18.04) | 46 014 (16.67) | 52 207 (16.89) | ||
| Other (%) | 14 596 (4.18) | 3576 (4.88) | 11 020 (3.99) | 12 676 (4.10) | ||
| Sex | Male (%) | 326 659 (93.51) | 67 748 (92.38) | 258 911 (93.82) | 289 233 (93.57) | <0.001 |
| Female (%) | 22 653 (6.49) | 5587 (7.62) | 17 066 (6.18) | 19 880 (6.43) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 90 273 (25.84) | 16 758 (22.85) | 73 515 (26.64) | 82 168 (26.58) | <0.001 | |
| Hypertension (%) | 225 899 (64.67) | 44 502 (60.68) | 181 397 (65.73) | 203 700 (65.90) | <0.001 | |
| Chronic lung disease (%) | 70 281 (20.12) | 13 849 (18.88) | 56 432 (20.45) | 64 777 (20.96) | <0.001 | |
| Peripheral artery disease (%) | 11 439 (3.27) | 2225 (3.03) | 9214 (3.34) | 10 680 (3.46) | <0.001 | |
| Cardiovascular disease (%) | 98 137 (28.09) | 17 436 (23.78) | 80 701 (29.24) | 89 878 (29.08) | <0.001 | |
| Cerebrovascular disease (%) | 1858 (0.53) | 372 (0.51) | 1486 (0.54) | 1719 (0.56) | 0.30 | |
| Dementia (%) | 16 421 (4.70) | 3115 (4.25) | 13 306 (4.82) | 15 384 (4.98) | <0.001 | |
| Hyperlipidaemia (%) | 200 397 (57.37) | 39 818 (54.30) | 160 579 (58.19) | 181 524 (58.72) | <0.001 | |
| Hepatitis C (%) | 5034 (1.44) | 1184 (1.61) | 3850 (1.40) | 4444 (1.44) | <0.001 | |
| HIV (%) | 114 (0.03) | 38 (0.05) | 76 (0.03) | 113 (0.04) | 0.001 | |
| Cancer (%) | 49 666 (14.22) | 9123 (12.44) | 40 543 (14.69) | 45 633 (14.76) | <0.001 | |
| GERD (%) | 100 980 (28.91) | 20 562 (28.04) | 80 418 (29.14) | 94 517 (30.58) | <0.001 | |
| Upper GI tract bleeding (%) | 9310 (2.67) | 926 (1.26) | 8384 (3.04) | 9098 (2.94) | <0.001 | |
| Ulcer disease (%) | 25 626 (7.34) | 3564 (4.86) | 22 062 (7.99) | 24 864 (8.04) | <0.001 | |
| Helicobacter pylori infection (%) | 3078 (0.88) | 141 (0.19) | 2937 (1.06) | 3239 (1.05) | <0.001 | |
| Barrett's oesophagus (%) | 2324 (0.67) | 89 (0.12) | 2235 (0.81) | 2382 (0.77) | <0.001 | |
| Achalasia (%) | 151 (0.04) | 10 (0.01) | 141 (0.05) | 154 (0.05) | <0.001 | |
| Stricture (%) | 1992 (0.57) | 132 (0.18) | 1860 (0.67) | 2051 (0.66) | <0.001 | |
| Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (%) | 213 (0.06) | 17 (0.02) | 196 (0.07) | 213 (0.07) | <0.001 | |
| Years of follow-up (IQR)‡ | 5.71 (5.11–6.37) | 4.38 (1.16–5.92)§ | 5.67 (5.09–6.34) | 5.59 (4.82–6.28) | <0.001 | |
| Days of having related prescription during follow-up (IQR) | 442 (199–1272)¶ | 120 (60–400)§ | 450 (120–1299) | 450 (120–1266) | <0.001 | |
| Death (%) | 81 463 (23.32) | 9018 (12.30)§ | 67 450 (24.44) | 72 445 (23.44) | <0.001 | |
| Incident death in 100 person-years (95% CI) | 4.47 (4.44–4.50) | 3.32 (3.25–3.39)§ | 4.74 (4.70–4.77) | 4.67 (4.64–4.71) | <0.001 | |
*Includes patients exposed to PPI at T0 (n=275 977) and during follow-up (n=33 136). Variables were measured at time of PPI exposure.
†p value for difference between exposed to H2 at T0 and exposed to PPI at T0.
‡From T0 to the first occurrence of death or 30 September 2013.
§Outcome measured from T0 to the first occurrence of exposure PPI, death or 30 September 2013.
¶Days of having PPI or H2 blockers.
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GERD, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.