OM and SD of the outcome measures HHIE, CSS and HADS for both groups at pretreatment (T0), post-treatment (T1) and 6 months post-treatment (T2) (n=74)
| OM (SD) | ES (95% CI) within-group | ES (95% CI) between-group | Interaction effect (p Value) (F value) | ||||||||
| T0 | T1 | T2 | T0–T1 | T0–T2 | T0–T1 | T0–T2 | T0–T1 | T0–T2 | |||
| HHIE | |||||||||||
| Total | I-group | 42.0 (16.9) | 35.8 (15.2) | 36.0 (15.8) | S (−0.08 to 0.84) | S (−0.10 to 0.82) | S (−0.16 to 0.76) | 2.5 (0.297) | 3.8 (0.306) | ||
| C-group | 36.1 (11.8) | 31.3 (14.3) | 34.0 (13.2) | S (−0.10 to 0.82) | |||||||
| Social | I-group | 20.2 (8.8) | 18.3 (7.1) | 18.2 (7.8) | S (−0.22 to 0.69) | S (−0.22 to 0.69) | S (−0.08 to 0.84) | 0.4 (0.732) | 1.8 (0.224) | ||
| C-group | 18.5 (6.6) | 15.5 (7.3) | 18.2 (7.1) | S (−0.03 to 0.89) | |||||||
| Emotional | I-group | 21.8 (9.5) | 17.5 (9.4) | 17.8 (9.5) | M (−0.01 to 0.91) | S (−0.04 to 0.88) | S (−0.22 to 0.69) | 3.0 (0.054) (t×gr=3.8) | 1.9 (0.132) | ||
| C-group | 17.6 (7.3) | 15.8 (8.2) | 15.7 (8.3) | S (−0.23 to 0.69) | S (−0.22 to 0.70) | ||||||
| CSS | |||||||||||
| Total | I-group | 68.1 (13.6) | 74.7 (11.1) | 70.9 (10.5) | M (−0.99 to −0.06) | S (−0.69 to 0.23) | M (0.06 to 0.98) | S (−0.08 to 0.84) | 5.2 (0.021) (t×gr=5.6)* | 3.5 (0.064) (t×gr=2.8) | |
| C-group | 67.2 (11.3) | 68.5 (12.4) | 66.7 (11.6) | ||||||||
| Maladaptive | I-group | 17.9 (4.5) | 17.8 (5.7) | 17.4 (4.3) | S (−0.23 to 0.69) | 0.3 (0.739) | 0.2 (0.893) | ||||
| C-group | 17.2 (3.5) | 16.7 (3.5) | 17.3 (4.4) | ||||||||
| Verbal | I-group | 22.6 (6.7) | 25.8 (6.1) | 24.1 (4.8) | M (−0.96 to −0.03) | S (−0.71 to 0.20) | S (−0.14 to 0.78) | S (−0.04 to 0.88) | 1.2 (0.299) | 1.4 (0.455) | |
| C-group | 21.8 (5.6) | 23.8 (6.4) | 21.9 (5.5) | S (−0.79 to 0.13) | |||||||
| Non-verbal | I-group | 27.6 (6.9) | 31.2 (4.8) | 29.3 (4.8) | M (−1.07 to −0.13) | S (−0.74 to 0.17) | M (0.09 to 1.02) | S (−0.14 to 0.78) | 3.7 (0.004) (t×gr=9.2)** | 1.9 (0.011) (t×gr=4.7)* | |
| C-group | 28.1 (6.2) | 28.0 (6.5) | 27.5 (6.2) | ||||||||
| HADS | |||||||||||
| Total | I-group | 8.5 (6.6) | 7.5 (6.3) | 4.8 (4.5) | M (0.18 to 1.12) | S (−0.84 to 0.08) | 0.7 (0.463) | 2.4 (0.070) | |||
| C-group | 7.4 (4.8) | 6.5 (5.2) | 6.8 (5.9) | ||||||||
| Anxiety | I-group | 4.6 (3.8) | 3.8 (3.4) | 2.4 (2.0) | S (−0.24 to 0.68) | M (0.25 to 1.19) | M (−0.94 to −0.02) | 0.6 (0.198) | 1.4 (0.071) | ||
| C-group | 4.3 (3.2) | 3.7 (3.1) | 3.7 (3.2) | ||||||||
| Depression | I-group | 3.9 (3.3) | 3.7 (3.5) | 2.6 (2.8) | S (−0.04 to 0.88) | S (−0.16 to 0.75) | 0.0 (0.984) | 1.1 (0.171) | |||
| C-group | 3.1 (2.5) | 2.8 (2.4) | 3.1 (2.9) | ||||||||
| HHIE age groups | |||||||||||
| Total | I-group | 20–59 years | 44.7 (13.6) | 40.8 (13.3) | 43.4 (14.6) | S (−0.17 to 0.74) | M (0.01 to 0.93) | L (0.39 to 1.35) | 1.3 (0.681) | 1.0 (0.919) | |
| C-group | 20–59 years | 38.0 (12.7) | 34.0 (15.3) | 31.6 (13.5) | S (−0.18 to 0.74) | M (0.02 to 0.95) | |||||
| I-group | 60–80 years | 39.7 (19.3) | 31.7 (15.8) | 31.6 (15.2) | M (−0.01 to 0.91) | M (0.00 to 0.92) | S (−0.73 to 0.19) | 3.5 (0.344) | 5.5 (0.282) | ||
| C-group | 60–80 years | 34.7 (11.1) | 29.0 (13.3) | 35.5 (13.3) | M (0.00 to 0.92) | ||||||
| Social | I-group | 20–59 years | 21.2 (7.9) | 19.6 (6.6) | 21.0 (7,6) | S (−0.24 to 0.68) | S (−0.03 to 0.89) | S (−0.08 to 0.86) | 1.1 (0.570) | 1.3 (0.604) | |
| C-group | 20–59 years | 19.8 (7.0) | 16.4 (8.0) | 17.8 (8.9) | M (−0.01 to 0.91) | S (−0.21 to 0.71) | |||||
| I-group | 60–80 years | 19.3 (9.6) | 17.2 (7.4) | 16.6 (7.7) | S (−0.21 to 0.70) | S (−0.15 to 0.77) | S (−0.12 to 0.79) | S (−0.73 to 0.19) | 0.1 (0.954) | 2.1 (0.381) | |
| C-group | 60–80 years | 17.5 (6.2) | 14.8 (6.8) | 18.5 (6.0) | S (−0.04 to 0.87) | ||||||
| Emotional | I-group | 20–59 years | 23.5 (7.8) | 21.2 (8.2) | 22.4 (10.0) | S (−0.02 to 0.74) | S (−0.04 to 0.88) | L (0.48 to 1.44) | 2.4 (0.190) | 0.4 (0.340) | |
| C-group | 20–59 years | 18.3 (7.6) | 17.6 (8.7) | 13.8 (7.5) | M (0.12 to 1.06) | ||||||
| I-group | 60–80 years | 20.4 (10.7) | 14.4 (9.3) | 15.1 (8.3) | M (0.13 to 1.06) | M (0.08 to 1.01) | S (−0.66 to 0.25) | 3.4 (0.158) | 3.5 (0.212) | ||
| C-group | 60–80 years | 17.1 (7.3) | 14.3 (7.7) | 16.9 (8.9) | S (−0.09 to 0.83) | ||||||
| CSS age groups | |||||||||||
| Total | I-group | 20–59 years | 68.8 (12.0) | 76.4 (8.3) | 73.5 (8.6) | M (−1.20 to −0.26) | M (−0.91 to 0.02) | S (−0.08 to 0.84) | M (0.06 to 0.99) | 2.5 (0.504) | 1.5 (0.806) |
| C-group | 20–59 years | 67.7 (11.3) | 72.3 (12.4) | 69.2 (7.5) | S (−0.84 to 0.08) | ||||||
| I-group | 60–80 years | 67.4 (15.1) | 73.4 (10.6) | 69.4 (11.4) | M (−0.92 to 0.01) | L (0.27 to 1.21) | S (−0.12 to 0.80) | 7.8 (0.004) (t×gr=9.3)** | 5.5 (0.017) (t×gr=4.3)* | ||
| C-group | 60–80 years | 66.8 (11.5) | 65.1 (11.6) | 65.0 (13.8) | |||||||
| Maladaptive | I-group | 20–59 years | 18.2 (4.1) | 17.9 (5.8) | 17.6 (2.5) | S (−0.25 to 0.67) | M (0.03 to 0.95) | 1.0 (0.426) | 0.1 (0.631) | ||
| C-group | 20–59 years | 16.7 (3.5) | 16.9 (3.2) | 16.1 (3.5) | |||||||
| I-group | 60–80 years | 17.8 (5.0) | 17.7 (5.8) | 17.3 (5.1) | S (−0.24 to 0.68) | 1.3 (0.337) | 0.4 (0.543) | ||||
| C-group | 60–80 years | 17.7 (4.3) | 16.6 (3.9) | 18.1 (4.8) | S (−0.19 to 0.72) | ||||||
| Verbal | I-group | 20–59 years | 23.0 (8.0) | 26.4 (6.8) | 25.3 (4.8) | M (0.91 to 0.01) | S (−0.80 to 0.11) | S (−0.24 to 0.68) | 0.6 (0.756) | 0.6 (0.875) | |
| C-group | 20–59 years | 22.4 (5.5) | 25.4 (6.6) | 24.4 (3.2) | M (−0.95 to −0.03) | S (−0.90 to 0.02) | |||||
| I-group | 60–80 years | 22.2 (5.5) | 25.3 (5.5) | 23.5 (4.8) | M (−1.02 to −0.09) | S (−0.71 to 0.21) | M (0.04 to 0.96) | M (0.13 to 1.06) | 1.8 (0.231) | 2.8 (0.190) | |
| C-group | 60–80 years | 21.4 (5.6) | 22.4 (6.0) | 20.2 (6.1) | S (−0.25 to 0.66) | ||||||
| Non-verbal | I-group | 20–59 years | 27.7 (5.6) | 32.1 (4.1) | 30.6 (4.9) | L (−1.36 to −0.41) | M (−1.01 to −0.08) | S (−0.01 to 0.84) | S (0.05 to 0.87) | 2.8 (0.106) | 1.9 (0.318) |
| C-group | 20–59 years | 28.6 (5.5) | 30.0 (6.5) | 28.7 (4.2) | S (−0.69 to 0.23) | ||||||
| I-group | 60–80 years | 27.5 (8.0) | 30.4 (5.2) | 28.6 (4.8) | S (−0.89 to 0.03) | M (0.26 to 1.20) | S (−0.15 to 0.76) | 4.7 (0.010) (t×gr=7.4)* | 2.2 (0.019) (t×gr=4.2)* | ||
| C-group | 60–80 years | 27.8 (7.3) | 26.2 (6.1) | 26.7 (7.3) | S (−0.22 to 0.69) | ||||||
| HADS age groups | |||||||||||
| Total | I-group | 20–59 years | 9.5 (5.8) | 9.4 (4.9) | 6.5 (4.5) | M (0.11 to 1.03) | S (−0.10 to 0.82) | 0.3 (0.804) | 2.1 (0.300) | ||
| C-group | 20–59 years | 8.3 (4.3) | 7.7 (4.5) | 6.7 (7.4) | S (−0.20 to 0.72) | ||||||
| I-group | 60–80 years | 7.7 (7.3) | 5.9 (7.0) | 4.1 (4.4) | S (−0.21 to 0.71) | M (0.13 to 1.06) | M (−1.06 to −0.13) | 1.4 (0.257) | 2.7 (0.178) | ||
| C-group | 60–80 years | 6.8 (5.2) | 5.4 (5.7) | 6.9 (4.9) | S (−0.20 to 0.71) | ||||||
| Anxiety | I-group | 20–59 years | 5.2 (3.6) | 4.8 (3.2) | 3.1 (2.0) | M (0.24 to 1.18) | S (−0.80 to 0.12) | 0.1 (0.858) | 1.5 (0.198) | ||
| C-group | 20–59 years | 5.1 (2.6) | 4.7 (2.9) | 4.2 (4.1) | S (−0.20 to 0.72) | ||||||
| I-group | 60–80 years | 4.1 (4.0) | 2.9 (3.5) | 2.0 (1.9) | S (−0.14 to 0.77) | M (0.20 to 1.13) | M (−1.07 to −0.14) | 1.0 (0.117) | 1.3 (0.254) | ||
| C-group | 60–80 years | 3.7 (3.6) | 2.8 (3.2) | 3.4 (2.6) | S (−0.20 to 0.72) | ||||||
| Depression | I-group | 20–59 years | 4.3 (2.9) | 4.6 (3.0) | 3.4 (2.8) | S (−0.15 to 0.77) | M (0.15 to 1.09) | S (−0.21 to 0.70) | 0.5 (0.556) | 0.7 (0.501) | |
| C-group | 20–59 years | 3.2 (2.2) | 3.0 (2.0) | 2.6 (3.6) | S (−0.26 to 0.66) | ||||||
| I-group | 60–80 years | 3.6 (3.6) | 3.0 (3.9) | 2.1 (2.8) | M (−0.00 to 0.92) | S (−0.72 to 0.19) | 0.4 (0.678) | 1.3 (0.278) | |||
| C-group | 60–80 years | 3.1 (2.7) | 2.6 (2.8) | 3.5 (2.4) | |||||||
Cohen’s pooled within-group and between-group small/moderate/large effect sizes (ES) and 95% (CIs) for the intervention (I-group) and control group (C-group) are presented. p Values illustrate the significance of the difference in estimated marginal means between the intervention and control groups. F values illustrate the interaction effect for time×group (t×gr).
ES below 0.2 is not reported in the table: S=small effect size (0.2≤d<0.5), M=moderate effect size (0.5≤d<0.8), L=large effect size (0.8≤d).
*p<0.05, **p<0.01.
CSS, Communication Strategies Scale of the Communication Profile for the Hearing Impaired: maladaptive, verbal and non-verbal subscales; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: anxiety and depression subscales; HHIE, Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly: social and emotional subscales; OM, observed means.