Model and constraints for each life course model tested
| Model specification | Constraints | |
| Saturated model | α + β1S1 + β2S2 + β3S 3+ θ12S1S2 + θ23S2S3 + θ13S1S3 + θ123S1S2S3 | |
| No effect | α | |
| Accumulation models | ||
| Accumulation | α + β1S1 + β2S2 + β3S3 | β1 =β2= β3 |
| Adult accumulation | α + β2S2 + β3S3 | β2 =β3 |
| Sensitive period | α + β1S1 + β2S2 + β3S3 | |
| Critical period models | ||
| Childhood | α + β1S1 | |
| Early adulthood | α + β2S2 | |
| Adulthood | α + β3S3 | |
| Social mobility models | ||
| Intergenerational | α + β1S1 + β2S2 + θ12S1S2 | β1 + β2 = -θ12 |
| Intergenerational without constraints | α + β1S1 + β2S2 + θ12S1S2 | |
| Intragenerational | α + β2S2 + β3S3 + θ23S2S3 | β2 + β3 = -θ23 |
| Intragenerational without constraints | α + β2S2 + β3S3 + θ23S2S3 | |
| Any mobility | α + β1S1 + β2S2 + β3S3 + θ12 S1S2 + θ23S2S3 | β2 = β1 + β3 = -θ12 = -θ23 |
| Any mobility with three-way interaction | α + β1S1 + β2S2 + β3S3 + θ12 S1S2 + θ23S2S3 + θ1 23S1S2S3 | β2 = β1 + β3 = -θ12 = -θ23 |
Si are the binary life course socioeconomic position (SEP) variables, where Si is equal to 0 when the participant is in the less advantaged SEP group at time point i, and 1 when the participant is in the more advantaged SEP group at time point i. The saturated model consists of the main effects for SEP at each of the three time points, as well as the three two-way interactions and the single three-way interaction.