Initiation | Intensity | Objective correlate of loudness, measured in dB SPL |
| Intensity decay | Percentage decay in intensity from first to last sentence |
Prosody | Mean fundamental frequency (F0) | Objective correlate of pitch, measured in Hz |
| SD of F0
| Objective correlate of pitch variation |
| Speech rate | Speaking speed, measured in syllables per second |
| Adjusted speech rate | As per speech rate, but excluding dysfluencies and pause |
| Acceleration | Percentage increase in speech rate from first to last sentence |
| Adjusted acceleration | As per acceleration, but excluding dysfluencies and pause |
| Pause | A measure of hesitation, calculated in ms and expressed as percentage of utterance time, using a threshold of 50 ms as the minimum significant pause duration |
| Within-word pause | Percentage of pause that occurred within rather than between words |
| Iteration | Number of instances of linguistic unit repetition |
| Within-word iteration | Percentage of instances of linguistic unit repetition that occurred within rather than between words |
Phonation | Jitter | Relative percentage variation in glottal cycle duration (indicative of voicing frequency consistency) |
| Shimmer | Relative percentage variation in glottal cycle amplitude (indicative of voicing amplitude consistency) |
| Harmonic-to-noise ratio | A measure of cycle-to-cycle variation in waveform shape (indicative of voicing strength) |
Articulation | Formant Centralization Ratio | A measure of vowel distinctiveness |
| SD of /s/ amplitude | A measure of consonant articulation strength |
| Voice onset time ratio | A measure of the ability to differentiate for example ‘bark’ and ‘park’ |