Variable | n* (%†) | Unadjusted‡ HR (95% CI) | Adjusted‡ HR (95% CI) |
Year of survey | |||
2003 | 182 (10.4) | Ref | Ref |
2008 | 766 (43.8) | 0.87 (0.70–1.07) | 0.89 (0.72–1.11) |
2013 | 801 (45.8) | 0.73 (0.58–0.91) | 0.76 (0.61–0.96) |
Residence type | |||
Urban | 474 (27.1) | Ref | Ref |
Rural | 1275 (72.9) | 1.40 (1.20–1.65) | 1.31 (1.11–1.54) |
Geopolitical zone | |||
North Central | 208 (11.9) | Ref | |
North East | 320 (18.3) | 1.12 (0.90–1.40) | |
North West | 594 (33.9) | 1.01 (0.81–1.25) | |
South East | 182 (10.4) | 1.13 (0.86–1.50) | |
South West | 218 (12.5) | 1.19 (0.93–1.54) | |
South South | 227 (13.0) | 0.83 (0.62–1.09) | |
Household wealth index | |||
Rich | 354 (20.2) | Ref | |
Middle | 684 (39.1) | 1.18 (0.98–1.42) | |
Poor | 711 (40.6) | 1.36 (1.13–1.64) | |
Mother’s education | |||
Secondary or higher | 497 (28.4) | Ref | |
Primary | 421 (24.1) | 1.19 (0.98–1.43) | |
No education | 831 (47.5) | 1.10 (0.93–1.29) | |
Mother’s working status | |||
Not working | 585 (34.8) | Ref | |
Working | 1097 (65.1) | 0.91 (0.79–1.04) | |
Mother’s age | |||
<20 | 149 (8.5) | 3.54 (2.73–4.59) | 2.83 (2.04–3.91) |
20–29 | 798 (45.6) | 1.08 (0.93–1.25) | 1.05 (0.88–1.25) |
30–39 | 599 (34.3) | Ref | Ref |
40–49 | 203 (11.6) | 1.12 (0.88–1.43) | 1.10 (0.87–1.41) |
MBMI | |||
MBMI >18.5 | 1586 (90.7) | Ref | |
MBMI ≤18.5 | 139 (8.0) | 0.84 (0.67–1.06) | |
Wanted pregnancy at the time | |||
Wanted then | 1499 (85.7) | Ref | |
Wanted later | 93 (5.3) | 0.90 (0.66–1.21) | |
Unwanted | 63 (3.6) | 1.52 (1.05–2.20) | |
Father’s education | |||
Secondary or higher | 661 (37.8) | Ref | |
Primary | 386 (22.1) | 1.15 (0.97–1.36) | |
No education | 644 (36.8) | 1.03 (0.88–1.20) | |
Birth rank and birth interval | |||
Two or three children, interval >2 | 285 (16.3) | Ref | Ref |
First child | 470 (26.9) | 1.80 (1.47–2.20) | 1.48 (1.19–1.84) |
Two or three children, interval ≤2 | 213 (12.2) | 1.50 (1.17–1.93) | 1.50 (1.17–1.93) |
Four or more children, interval >2 | 446 (25.5) | 1.16 (0.95–1.41) | 1.18 (0.95–1.46) |
Four or more children, interval ≤2 | 334 (19.1) | 1.91 (1.54–2.36) | 1.87 (1.51–2.32) |
Child sex | |||
Female | 735 (42.0) | Ref | Ref |
Male | 1014 (58.0) | 1.42 (1.24–1.63) | 1.44 (1.25–1.65) |
Mother’s perceived baby size | |||
Average or larger | 1191 (68.1) | Ref | Ref |
Small or very small | 401 (23.0) | 2.16 (1.86–2.51) | 2.12 (1.82–2.47) |
Delivery assistance | |||
Health professional | 697 (39.9) | Ref | |
Non-health professional | 756 (43.2) | 0.87 (0.76–1.00) | |
Mode of delivery | |||
Non-caesarean | 1652 (94.4) | Ref | Ref |
Caesarean section§ | 80 (4.6) | 2.39 (1.76–3.25) | 2.81 (2.07–3.84) |
Place of delivery | |||
Health facility | 662 (37.9) | Ref | |
Home | 998 (57.0) | 0.85 (0.74–0.98) |
*Number of early neonatal deaths between 2003 and 2013.
†The sum of percentages does not equal 100 for some factors because of missing values.
‡Missing values were excluded from the model.
§Caesarean section is a combination of elective and emergency procedures.
ENM, early neonatal mortality; MBMI, mother’s body mass index; Ref, reference category.