Crude and adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) based on simple and multiple Poisson regression.
| Variables | Levels | Men | Women | |||||||
| Crude | Adjusted† | Crude | Adjusted† | Interaction‡ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | p Value | ||
| Age (years) | 40–49 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | 0.282 | ||||
| 50–60 | 1.64 | (1.50 to 1.80)** | 1.46 | (1.32 to 1.61)** | 1.66 | (1.58 to 1.76)** | 1.51 | (1.43 to 1.60)** | ||
| 61–75 | 2.42 | (2.20 to 2.65)** | 1.87 | (1.67 to 2.10)** | 2.34 | (2.20 to 2.49)** | 2.06 | (1.92 to 2.21)** | ||
| Residential area | Rural | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | 0.280 | ||||
| Urban | 1.04 | (0.95 to 1.14) | 0.93 | (0.84 to 1.03) | 0.94 | (0.89 to 0.99)* | 0.98 | (0.92 to 1.05) | ||
| Ethnicity | Turkmen | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | 0.003 | ||||
| Other§ | 1.26 | (1.16 to 1.36)** | 1.24 | (1.14 to 1.35)** | 1.02 | (0.97 to 1.07) | 1.09 | (1.03 to 1.15)* | ||
| Marital status | Unmarried | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | 0.042 | ||||
| Married | 0.94 | (0.75 to 1.18) | 1.22 | (0.97 to 1.54) | 0.72 | (0.68 to 0.76)** | 0.98 | (0.92 to 1.04) | ||
| Education | Illiterate | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | 0.000 | ||||
| ≤5 years | 0.75 | (0.69 to 0.82)** | 0.91 | (0.82 to 1.00) | 0.65 | (0.59 to 0.71)** | 0.81 | (0.73 to 0.89)** | ||
| 6–12 years | 0.69 | (0.63 to 0.77)** | 0.91 | (0.80 to 1.03) | 0.42 | (0.35 to 0.50)** | 0.57 | (0.47 to 0.69)** | ||
| University degree | 0.66 | (0.54 to 0.81)** | 0.90 | (0.72 to 1.13) | 0.26 | (0.13 to 0.50)** | 0.37 | (0.19 to 0.72)* | ||
| Employed | Yes | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | 0.225 | ||||
| No | 2.04 | (1.88 to 2.21)** | 1.35 | (1.23 to 1.48)** | 1.74 | (1.63 to 1.85)** | 1.27 | (1.18 to 1.35)** | ||
| Socioeconomic status | Good | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | 0.033 | ||||
| Medium | 1.05 | (0.97 to 1.14) | 0.95 | (0.86 to 1.05) | 1.12 | (1.06 to 1.18)** | 1.08 | (1.02 to 1.14)* | ||
| Poor | 1.26 | (1.12 to 1.40)** | 1.04 | (0.91 to 1.18) | 1.28 | (1.20 to 1.38)** | 1.11 | (1.03 to 1.19)* | ||
| Physical activity | Yes | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | 0.009 | ||||
| No | 1.66 | (1.54 to 1.79)** | 1.28 | (1.18 to 1.39)** | 1.24 | (1.16 to 1.33)** | 1.12 | (1.04 to 1.21)* | ||
| Body mass index | Normal | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | 0.594 | ||||
| Underweight | 1.25 | (1.06 to 1.46) | 1.04 | (0.89 to 1.22) | 1.09 | (0.95 to 1.25) | 0.93 | (0.81 to 1.07) | ||
| Overweight | 1.28 | (1.17 to 1.39)** | 1.46 | (1.34 to 1.60)** | 1.30 | (1.22 to 1.38)** | 1.43 | (1.34 to 1.52)** | ||
| Obese | 1.54 | (1.39 to 1.71)** | 1.85 | (1.66 to 2.06)** | 1.60 | (1.50 to 1.70)** | 1.87 | (1.75 to 1.99)** | ||
| Smoking | Never | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | 0.033 | ||||
| Ex-smoker | 1.59 | (1.45 to 1.74)** | 1.25 | (1.13 to 1.39)** | 1.77 | (1.35 to 2.30)** | 1.22 | (0.93 to 1.59) | ||
| Light smoker (<20 cigarettes/day) | 0.77 | (0.68 to 0.88)** | 0.78 | (0.69 to 0.89)** | 1.02 | (0.80 to 1.30) | 0.89 | (0.70 to 1.14) | ||
| Heavy smoker (≥20 cigarettes/day) | 0.95 | (0.83 to 1.08) | 0.87 | (0.76 to 1.00) | 1.80 | (1.22 to 2.64)** | 1.33 | (0.90 to 1.96) | ||
| Other tobacco use | No (never) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | 0.945 | ||||
| Yes (ever) | 1.42 | (1.30 to 1.55)** | 0.99 | (0.89 to 1.09) | 1.24 | (1.08 to 1.42)* | 0.98 | (0.85 to 1.13) | ||
| Opium | No (never) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | 0.558 | ||||
| Yes (ever) | 1.49 | (1.38 to 1.61)** | 1.50 | (1.37 to 1.64)** | 1.51 | (1.40 to 1.62)** | 1.45 | (1.35 to 1.57)** | ||
| Alcohol | No (never) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | 0.401 | ||||
| Yes (ever) | 1.40 | (1.25 to 1.58)** | 1.31 | (1.15 to 1.49)** | 1.00 | (0.42 to 2.40) | 0.94 | (0.39 to 2.25) | ||
*p<0.01; **p<0.001.
†Prevalence ratios were adjusted for baseline variables.
‡Difference between sexes (p value for interaction refers to the Wald test).
§Other: Persian, Turk, Sistani, Baluch and Kurdish.