Binary mixed model: aOR of not reaching NAPLAN or WALNA benchmarks by Indigenous status, testing domain and testing year
| Maternal alcohol diagnosis versus no diagnosis by year | Non-Indigenous | Indigenous | Significance of difference in aOR* | ||
| aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | ||
| Numeracy | |||||
| n=80 442 observations | n=35 102 observations | ||||
| Year 3 | 1.2 | (1.1 to 1.3) | 1.6 | (1.4 to 1.7) | p=0.016 |
| Year 5 | 1.4 | (1.2 to 1.5) | 1.6 | (1.5 to 1.8) | p=0.003 |
| Year 7 | 1.4 | (1.3 to 1.5) | 1.6 | (1.5 to 1.8) | p=0.016 |
| Year 9 | 1.6 | (1.4 to 1.8) | 1.9 | (1.6 to 2.1) | p=0.065 |
| Reading | |||||
| n=80 306 observations | n=34 376 observations | ||||
| Year 3 | 1.4 | (1.2 to 1.5) | 1.4 | (1.3 to 1.5) | p=0.715 |
| Year 5 | 1.4 | (1.2 to 1.5) | 1.5 | (1.4 to 1.7) | p=0.066 |
| Year 7 | 1.3 | (1.2 to 1.5) | 1.7 | (1.5 to 1.9) | p=0.001 |
| Year 9 | 1.6 | (1.4 to 1.8) | 1.9 | (1.6 to 2.1) | p=0.105 |
| Writing | |||||
| n=78 663 observations | n=33 213 observations | ||||
| Year 3 | 1.3 | (1.2 to 1.4) | 1.7 | (1.5 to 1.8) | p<0.001 |
| Year 5 | 1.3 | (1.2 to 1.4) | 1.7 | (1.6 to 1.9) | p<0.001 |
| Year 7 | 1.3 | (1.2 to 1.4) | 2.0 | (1.8 to 2.2) | p<0.001 |
| Year 9 | 1.5 | (1.3 to 1.6) | 2.0 | (1.8 to 2.3) | p<0.001 |
| Spelling† | |||||
| n=74 133 observations | n=32 587 observations | ||||
| Year 3 | 1.3 | (1.2 to 1.4) | 1.7 | (1.6 to 1.9) | p<0.001 |
| Year 5 | 1.4 | (1.3 to 1.5) | 1.8 | (1.6 to 2.0) | p<0.001 |
| Year 7 | 1.3 | (1.2 to 1.4) | 1.7 | (1.6 to 1.9) | p<0.001 |
| Year 9 | 1.3 | (1.1 to 1.5) | 1.5 | (1.3 to 1.8) | p=0.103 |
Notes: Results are adjusted for maternal age and year of birth (matching variables), child gender, low birth weight, preterm, gender, calendar year of test, maternal marital status, SEIFA, rural/metro place of residence, illicit drug use and mental disorder.
*p Value of difference in estimates between Indigenous and non-Indigenous cohorts.
† Spelling tests were only conducted in Year 9 under NAPLAN not WALNA.
aOR, adjusted OR; NAPLAN, National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy; SEIFA, Socio-Economic Index for Areas; WALNA, Western Australian Literacy and Numeracy.