Binary mixed model: aOR of not reaching NAPLAN or WALNA benchmarks by timing of record of maternal alcohol diagnosis, Indigenous status and testing domain
| Timing of record of diagnosis | Non-Indigenous | Indigenous | Significance of difference in aOR* | ||
| aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | ||
| Numeracy | |||||
| n=80 442 observations | n=35 102 observations | ||||
| No alcohol diagnosis | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| GT 1 year prepregnancy | 1.4 | (1.3 to 1.6) | 1.5 | (1.3 to 1.8) | p=0.449 |
| Up to 1 year prepregnancy | 1.4 | (1.1 to 1.6) | 1.6 | (1.3 to 2.0) | p=0.195 |
| During pregnancy | 1.5 | (1.1 to 2.0) | 2.1 | (1.7 to 2.5) | p=0.081 |
| Up to 1 year postpregnancy | 1.5 | (1.2 to 2.0) | 1.5 | (1.2 to 1.8) | p=0.897 |
| GT 1 year postpregnancy | 1.3 | (1.2 to 1.4) | 1.6 | (1.5 to 1.8) | p<0.001 |
| Reading | |||||
| n=80 306 observations | n=34 376 observations | ||||
| No alcohol diagnosis | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| GT 1 year prepregnancy | 1.4 | (1.3 to 1.6) | 1.6 | (1.4 to 1.8) | p=0.219 |
| Up to 1 year prepregnancy | 1.3 | (1.1 to 1.6) | 1.3 | (1.1 to 1.6) | p=0.913 |
| During pregnancy | 1.4 | (1.1 to 1.9) | 2.0 | (1.6 to 2.3) | p=0.084 |
| Up to 1 year postpregnancy | 1.5 | (1.1 to 1.9) | 1.8 | (1.5 to 2.3) | p=0.268 |
| GT 1 year postpregnancy | 1.4 | (1.3 to 1.5) | 1.5 | (1.4 to 1.6) | p=0.061 |
| Writing | |||||
| n=78 663 observations | n=33 213 observations | ||||
| No alcohol diagnosis | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| GT 1 year prepregnancy | 1.4 | (1.3 to 1.6) | 1.8 | (1.6 to 2.0) | p=0.007 |
| Up to 1 year prepregnancy | 1.4 | (1.1 to 1.7) | 1.8 | (1.5 to 2.2) | p=0.041 |
| During pregnancy | 1.6 | (1.2 to 2.1) | 2.4 | (1.9 to 2.9) | p=0.018 |
| Up to 1 year postpregnancy | 1.4 | (1.1 to 1.8) | 1.8 | (1.4 to 2.3) | p=0.130 |
| GT 1 year postpregnancy | 1.3 | (1.2 to 1.4) | 1.7 | (1.6 to 1.9) | p<0.001 |
| Spelling† | |||||
| n=74 133 observations | n=32 587 observations | ||||
| No alcohol diagnosis | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| GT 1 year prepregnancy | 1.5 | (1.3 to 1.6) | 1.7 | (1.5 to 2.0) | p=0.055 |
| Up to 1 year prepregnancy | 1.4 | (1.2 to 1.7) | 2.1 | (1.7 to 2.6) | p=0.008 |
| During pregnancy | 1.4 | (1.1 to 1.9) | 2.3 | (1.9 to 2.9) | p=0.007 |
| Up to 1 year postpregnancy | 1.5 | (1.1 to 1.9) | 1.8 | (1.4 to 2.3) | p=0.238 |
| GT 1 year postpregnancy | 1.3 | (1.2 to 1.4) | 1.6 | (1.5 to 1.8) | p<0.001 |
Notes: Results are adjusted for maternal age and year of birth (matching variables), child gender, low birth weight, preterm, calendar year of test, testing year (3, 5, 7, 9), maternal marital status, SEIFA, rural/metro place of residence, illicit drug use and mental disorder; random intercept per child.
*p Value of difference in estimates between Indigenous and non-Indigenous cohorts.
†Spelling tests were only conducted in Year 9 under NAPLAN not WALNA.
aOR, adjusted OR; NAPLAN, National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy; SEIFA, Socio-Economic Index for Areas; WALNA, Western Australian Literacy and Numeracy; GT, greater than.