GRADE summary of findings table
| An extra two cups of coffee per day for preventing HCC | ||||||
| Patient or population: risk of HCC Setting: primary/secondary care Intervention: two extra cups of coffee per day Comparison: usual coffee consumption | ||||||
| Outcomes | Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI) | Relative effect (95% CI) | Number of participants (studies) | Quality of the evidence (GRADE) | Comments | |
| Risk with no coffee | Risk with coffee | |||||
| HCC assessed with: cancer registries, death records and medical records | High | RR 0.65 (0.59 to 0.72) | 1825 cases, 2905 controls, 2115/1 683 071 exposed, 654/399 566 unexposed (26 observational studies) | ⨁◯◯◯ VERY LOW† | The RR corresponds to two extra cups of coffee per day. | |
| 50 per 1000 | 33 per 1000 (30 to 36) | |||||
| GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High quality: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect Moderate quality: We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different. Low quality: Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect. Very low quality: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect. | ||||||
*The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% CI) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
†The quality of evidence rating was downgraded because of (1) risk of bias, (2) indirectness and (3) publication bias.
GRADE, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.