Detail of simulation inputs and outputs
| Study name | Source of arrival rates | Source of activity duration | Source of activity progression | Source of resources use | Changes considered | Outcomes considered | Validation | Stakeholder input |
| Anagnostou et al 21 | Not described | Not described | Not described | Not described | None | Waiting times | None | None |
| Au-Yeung et al 22 | Primary | Primary; expert opinion | Primary; expert opinion | Primary | ED patient flow | Waiting times | Data led | Model specification |
| Baboolal et al 23 | Primary | Primary; expert opinion | Primary | Primary | Resources | Waiting times*; resources | Face Dark world model | Model specification |
| Bowers et al 24 | Primary | Primary | Primary | Not described | None | Resources* | Data led Face | Model specification |
| Brailsford et al 10 | Primary | Secondary | Not described | Primary | ED patient flow; arrival rates | Waiting times | Data led Face | Study question; model specification |
| Coats and Michalis25 | Primary | Primary | Not described | Not described | Shift patterns | Waiting times* | Data led | None |
| Codrington-Virtue et al 26 | Primary | Not described | Not described | Not described | None | Resources | None | None |
| Codrington-Virtue et al 27 | Primary | Primary; expert opinion | Primary | Primary; expert opinion | None | Waiting times | Data led | None |
| Coughlan et al 28 | Primary | Not described | Primary | Primary | Resources | Waiting times*; resources | Data led | None |
| Davies29 | Primary | Primary | Primary | Primary | ED patient flow | Waiting times* | None | None |
| Eatock et al 11 | Primary | Primary; expert opinion | Primary; expert opinion | Primary | None | Waiting times* | Data led | None |
| Fletcher et al 12 | Primary | Secondary; expert opinion | Primary | Primary | ED patient flow; resources; demand | Waiting times*; resources | Data led Face | Study question; model specification |
| Günal and Pidd13 | Primary | Not described | Not described | Not described | None | Waiting times* | None | None |
| Günal and Pidd30 | Primary | Primary | Primary | Not described | ED patient flow; resources | Waiting times* | Data led | Model specification |
| Hay et al 31 | Primary | Not described | Not described | Not described | None | Waiting times* | Data led | None |
| Komashie and Mousavi32 | Primary | Primary; expert opinion | Primary; expert opinion | Primary; expert opinion | ED structure; resources | Waiting times; resources | Data led Face | Study question; model specification |
| Lane et al 33 | Primary | Primary; expert opinion | Expert opinion | Primary | Resources; demand | Waiting times; resources; elective cancellations | Data led Face | Study question; model specification |
| Lattimer et al 14 | Primary | Primary | Primary | Primary | ED structure; admission rates | Bed occupancy | Data led Face | Study question; model specification |
| Maull et al 34 | Primary | Primary; expert opinion | Primary | Not described | ED patient flow | Waiting times* | Data led | Result implementation |
| Meng and Spedding35 | Primary | Primary | Not described | Not described | ED structure; resources | Waiting times; resources | Data led Face | Study question; model specification |
| Mould et al 36 | Primary | Primary | Primary | Not described | Resources | Waiting times*; resources | Data led | Study question; model specification; result implementation |
*These studies used 4-hour target breach as part of their waiting time considerations.
ED, emergency department.