Table 1

Characteristics of study participants (n=6705, includes C-sections)

	By fetal presentation (singleton, vaginal births only)				By gestation
	Cephalic birth		Non-cephalic birth		Single gestation		Multiple gestation
Characteristic	n	% or mean (SD)	n	% or mean (SD)	n	% or mean (SD)	n*	% or mean (SD)
Maternal age at delivery
<18 years old	529	8.5	14	10.7	561	8.5	1	1.8
18−<35 years old	5555	88.8	113	86.3	5879	88.8	52	84.6
≥35 years old	170	2.7	4	3.1	182	2.8	2	3.6
Maternal gravidity (excluding this pregnancy)
0	1773	28.4	48	36.6	1911	28.9	6	10.9
1–2	2892	46.2	62	47.3	3060	46.2	25	45.5
3–4	1210	19.3	14	10.7	1254	18.9	18	32.7
≥5	380	6.1	7	5.3	398	6.0	6	10.9
Facility delivery rate	6253	43.4	131	53.4	6618	45.4	54	46.3
Location of delivery
At home	2461	39.4	35	26.7	2511	37.9	17	31.5
At her maternal home	938	15.0	17	13.0	957	14.5	10	18.5
At a health post/clinic	1941	31.0	37	28.2	2042	30.9	15	27.8
At a hospital	774	12.4	33	25.2	959	14.5	10	18.5
On the way to a facility	132	2.1	9	6.9	142	2.2	2	3.7
Outdoors	7	0.1	0	0.0	7	0.1	0	0
Maternal education		2.5 (4.0)		2.0 (3.7)
No years	4292	68.6	96	73.3	4511	68.1	44	80.0
1–9 years	1265	20.2	26	19.9	1348	20.4	8	14.6
≥10 years	697	11.1	9	6.9	763	11.5	3	5.5
Ethnicity
Madheshi	6016	96.5	129	98.5	6359	96.3	54	98.2
Pahadi	218	3.5	2	1.5	243	3.7	1	1.8
Maternal height		150.7 (5.6)		150.5 (6.1)
145–<150 cm	881	14.1	22	16.8	937	14.2	7	12.7
150–<155 cm	1857	29.7	36	27.5	1958	29.6	10	18.2
150–155 cm	2151	34.4	42	32.1	2278	34.4	24	43.6
≥155 cm	1358	21.7	31	23.7	1442	21.8	14	25.5
Birth outcome	n	% or mean (SD)	n	% or mean (SD)	n	% or mean (SD)	n†	% or mean (SD)
Birth weight‡: low birth weight (<2500 g)	5349	2706 (413): 29.7	77	2437 (400): 57.1	5448	2702 (414): 30.1	62	2042 (511): 85.5
Gestational age§: preterm birth (<37 weeks)	6159	39.2 (2.7): 25.4	126	38.3 (3.6): 23.9	6519	39.2 (2.8): 17.0	108	36.3 (3.4): 57.4
Small-for-gestational-age¶	4925	41.6	71	60.6	5016	41.9	62	58.1
Non-cephalic presentation (excluding C-sections and unknowns)					6386	2.1	82	15.9

*Unit=mother.
†Unit=child.
‡Limited to weights taken within 72 hours of birth.
§Limited to feasible GA, between 24 and 46 weeks.
¶Intergrowth standard, cut-offs available for 24–<43 weeks GA.