Quantitative evaluations of alcohol controls meeting inclusion criteria
| Author (year) | Country of origin (Indigenous population) | Population size | Category of alcohol control | Legal instruments | Health and social outcomes reported | Data collected | Time Horizon of evaluation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| May (1975)19 | United States (Native American) | 12 000 (Native American) | Prohibition of sale, importation or possession | Tribally imposed prohibition laws | Arrests | Tribal Police data | 3 years (June–July 1969, June–July 1970, June–July 1971) |
| Schechter (1986)20 | Greenland (Greenlandic Inuit) | 50 000 (80% Indigenous) | Alcohol rationing | Rationing ordinance passed by the Greenland Council following public plebiscite | Alcohol sales; crime | Alcohol sales or consumption data | 6 years (1978–1984) |
| Gallaher et al (1992)27 | USA (Native American) | 123 000 (all residents of New Mexico) | Prohibition of sale, importation or possession | Tribally imposed prohibition laws | Unintentional injury | Cause-specific mortality data; Hospital records or medical examiner reports; Traffic accident report files (containing location of Indigenous pedestrian deaths) | 10 years (January 1 1980 to December 31 1989) |
| Lee (1993)25 | USA (Alaska Native) | 8 Indigenous villages (of 57 in the region) | Restrictions on liquor sold, times of sale or mode of sale; traditional forms of control | Local option law | Crime; Intentional injury (self-harm, attempted suicide or suicide) | Crime data for serious or minor offences | 5 years (1983–1987) |
| Chiu et al (1997)16 | USA (Alaska Native) | 4000 (61% Indigenous) | Prohibition of sale, importation or possession | Local option law | Social or health service usage | Alcohol-related outpatient visit records | 33 months (November 1993 through July 1996) |
| Landen et al (1997)24 | USA (Alaska Native) | Dry villages: 63 419 person-years (93% Indigenous) Wet villages: 38 867 person-years (55% Indigenous)*† | Prohibition of sale, importation or possession | Local option law | Unintentional injury | Cause-specific mortality data | 3 years (1990-1993) |
| Landen (1997)23 | USA (American Indian) | Wet reservations: (1) <5000; (2) 5000–10 000; (3) <5000 (4) 5000–10 000 (5) 5000–10 000 Dry reservations: (6/7) 10 000 –15 000 10 000–15 000 (8) 5000–10 000 | Prohibition of sale, importation or possession | Tribally imposed prohibition laws | Alcohol-related mortality | American Indian mortality data by county | 11 years (1979–1990) |
| Douglas (1998)17 | Australia (Aboriginal and or Torres Strait Islander—primarily Kija and Djaru language groups) | ∼1200 with 3000 from surrounding towns (63% Indigenous) | Restrictions on liquor sold, times of sale or mode of sale | Regulation instituted by state or territory liquor licensing authorities | Crime; Social or health service usage | Alcohol sales or consumption data | 3 years (1991–1994) |
| d'Abbs (1998)29 | Australia (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) | 7 Indigenous communities (of total of 8 with licensed clubs) | Indigenous-controlled liquor licensing | Not stated | Alcohol consumption | Alcohol sales or consumption data | 1 year (1994–1995) |
| Berman et al (2000)22 | USA (Alaska Native) | 29 000 (26 000 in control group) | Indigenous-controlled liquor licensing; Prohibition of sale, importation or possession | Local option law | Injury | Legal determinations classifying injury deaths (data not available to determine whether alcohol-related) | 13 years (1980–1993) |
| Gray et al (2000)15 | Australia (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) | ∼2700 (all residents of Tennant Creek) | Restrictions on liquor sold, times of sale or mode of sale | Regulation instituted by state or territory liquor licensing authorities | Alcohol consumption; hospital admissions; admissions to local women's refuge and sober up shelter; crime; | Alcohol sales data, health and social service admissions data; local police data | 4 years (1994–1998) |
| Ellis (2003)28 | USA (American Indian) | McKinley County: 43 000 Indigenous Fremont: 7000 Indigenous | Restrictions on liquor sold, times of sale or mode of sale; local excise tax; enhanced law enforcement | Local option law | Crime; Mortality (motor vehicle accident mortality, homicide, suicide and alcohol-induced causes); Motor vehicle accidents | Alcohol sales or consumption data; adolescent substance use data; Hospital records or medical examiner reports; Traffic accident report files; crime data for serious or minor offences | 21 years (1974–1995) for annual mortality rates for selected substance abuse-related causes; 1 year (1989–96) for traffic crash rates. |
| Wood and Gruenewald (2006)8 | USA (Alaska Native) | Dry villages: 165 191 person-years (108 906 with and 56 285 without local police presence) Wet villages: 67 906 person-years (45 655 person-years with and 22 251 person-years without local police presence)*† | Prohibition of sale, importation or possession | Local option law | Motor vehicle accidents; Intentional injury (self-harm, attempted suicide or suicide); Intentional injury (self-harm, attempted suicide or suicide) | Serious injury data obtained from state trauma registries; data pertaining to police presence (number of months that a village had a police service used as an indicator of police presence) | 10 years (1991–2000) |
| Hogan et al (2006)18 | Australia (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) | Not stated | Restrictions on liquor sold, times of sale or mode of sale | Regulations instituted by state or territory liquor licensing authorities | Alcohol sales; crime; Social or health service usage | Alcohol sales or consumption data; Hospital records or medical examiner reports; Admissions to local Sobering Up shelter; Crime data for serious or minor offences | 1 year (April 2002—June 2003) |
| Margolis et al (2008)13 | Australia (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) | 4 Indigenous communities | Restrictions on liquor sold, times of sale or mode of sale | Alcohol Management Plan (AMP) | Injury; Social or health service usage | Royal Flying Doctor Service trauma retrieval data | 8 years pre and 2 years post-AMP (1 January 1995–24 November 2005) |
| Wood (2011)21 | Canada (First Nation) | 23 Indigenous communities | Prohibition of sale, importation or possession | Local option law | Crime data for serious or minor offences | 21 years (1986—2006) | |
| Margolis et al (2011)14 | Australia (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) | Community A 1129 (1059, 94% Indigenous), community B 1101 (1028, 93% Indigenous), community C 599 (541, 90% Indigenous), community D 644 (580, 90% Indigenous). | Prohibition of sale, importation or possession; Restrictions on liquor sold, times of sale or mode of sale | Alcohol Management Plan (AMP) | Injury; Social or health service usage | Royal Flying Doctor Service trauma retrieval data | 14.5 years (1 January 1996—31 July 2010) |
| Berman (2014)26 | USA (Alaska Native) | 178 Indigenous communities | Prohibition of sale, importation or possession | Local option law | Intentional injury (self-harm, attempted suicide or suicide) | Cause-specific mortality data | 27 years (1980-2007) |
*Person-years: Some studies used person-years to quantify the populations of wet and dry villages where communities changed alcohol status one or more times during the period of the study. For example, in Landen's study, multiple wet and dry villages changed alcohol status. Thus, each month a village was dry, its population contributed one-twelfth of a person-year to the dry total. A similar method was used for wet villages.
†.