Table 2

Determinants of in-hospital mortality and hospitalisation costs

Dependent variables	In-hospital mortality		Hospitalisation costs
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Independent variables	OR		Unstandardised coefficients (US$)
Patient characteristics
Women (reference category: men)	0.923	1.017	−205	−109	36
Age (reference category: 20–59 years)
60–69 years	1.334	1.307	313	222	250
70–79 years	2.257***	2.661***	−189	−60	18
80–89 years	4.146***	6.009***	−1181***	−827***	−454*
≥90 years	7.086***	12.751***	−2027***	−1400***	−678**
Route of admission (reference category: scheduled)
Emergency with ambulance use	1.185*	0.891	1201***	772***	521***
Emergency without ambulance use	0.916	0.807*	530***	422**	276*
NYHA functional class (reference category: class II)
Class III	2.121***	2.011***	608***	467***	494***
Class IV	6.812***	5.929***	1121***	727***	635***
Comorbidities
Hypertension	0.307***	0.32***	−200	61	−120
Ischaemic heart disease	0.573***	0.522***	1520***	1484***	409***
Atrial fibrillation/flutter	0.561***	0.604***	−145	333**	457***
Fatal arrhythmia	1.637**	1.081	5635***	4597***	4547***
Shock	3.058***	1.189	3335***	−584	−412
Postadmission treatments indicating disease severity
Disease severity classes† (reference category: no target treatments provided)
Catecholamine use only	–	5.543***	–	1740***	1565***
Intubation with no catecholamine use	–	12.699***	–	1253*	1162*
Intubation or catecholamine use	–	20.966***	–	1681***	1610***
Intra-aortic balloon pumping‡	–	8.062***	–	22 628***	13 854***
Percutaneous cardiopulmonary support§	–	42.048***	–	15 421***	8360***
Dialysis-related procedures	–	1.729***	–	2739***	2117***
Blood transfusion	–	1.383**		4186***	3884***
Other postadmission high-cost examinations and treatments
Percutaneous coronary intervention	–	–	–	–	13 842***
Scintigraphy	–	–	–	–	3683***
Single-photon emission CT	–	–	–	–	3324***
C-statistics (95% CIs)	0.805	0.870	–	–	–
C-statistics (95% CIs)	(0.794–0.815)	(0.862–0.879)	–	–	–
R²	–	–	0.044	0.178	0.320

Model 1: independent variables included only patient characteristics and condition on admission; model 2: independent variables included postadmission treatments that may indicate disease severity in addition to those of model 1; model 3: independent variables included other high-cost examinations and treatments in addition to those of model 2.
***p<0.001; **p<0.01; *p<0.05.
†These six disease-severity classes are based on hierarchical and mutually exclusive combinations.
‡Regardless of intubation or catecholamine use.
§Regardless of intra-aortic balloon pumping, intubation or catecholamine use.
NYHA, New York Heart Association.