Treatment and outcomes, overall and by region
| Overall | By region | p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (N=455) | Australia and NZ (N=312) | SE Asia (N=143) | ||
| Treatment in ED | N, % (95% CI) | N, %, (95% CI) | N, %, (95% CI) | |
| Oxygen | 285; 62% (58% to 67%) | 186; 60% (54% to 65%) | 99; 69% (61% to 76) | 0.06 |
| Non-invasive ventilation | 56; 12% (10% to 16%) | 49; 16% (12% to 20%) | 7; 5% (2% to 10%0 | 0.002 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 4; 1% (0.3% to 2%) | 2; 0.6% (0.1% to 2.3%) | 2; 1% (0.4% to 5%) | 0.81 |
| Diuretic | ||||
| Any | 332; 73% (69% to 77%) Missing data=2 | 236; 76% (71% to 81%) Missing data=2 | 96; 67% (59% to 74%) Missing data=0 | 0.06 |
| IV | 303; 67% (62% to 71%) Missing data=2 | 210; 68% (62% to 73%) Missing data=2 | 93; 65% (57% to 72%) Missing data=0 | 0.65 |
| Oral | 46; 10% (8% to 13%) Missing data=2 | 40; 13% (10% to 17%) Missing data=6 | 6; 4% (2% to 9%) Missing data=0 | 0.007 |
| Nitrate | ||||
| Any | 115; 25% (22% to 30) Missing data=2 | 72; 23% (19% to 28%) Missing data=2 | 43; 30% (23% to 38%) Missing data=0 | 0.15 |
| IV bolus | 1; 0.2% (0.04% to 1%) Missing data=2 | 1; 0.3% (0.06% to 2%) Missing data=2 | 0; 0% (0% to 3%) Missing data=0 | 0.69 |
| IV infusion | 31; 7% (5% to 10%) Missing data=3 | 16; 5% (3% to 8%) Missing data=3 | 15; 10% (6% to 17%) Missing data=0 | 0.06 |
| Sublingual/transdermal/oral | 89; 20% (16% to 24%) Missing data=4 | 58; 19% (15% to 24%) Missing data=4 | 31; 22% (16% to 29%) Missing data=0 | 0.56 |
| Inotrope/vasopressor | 5; 1% (0.5% to 3%) Missing data=5 | 4; 1% (0.5% to 3%) Missing data=5 | 1; 0.7% (0.1% to 4%) Missing data=0 | 0.92 |
| Morphine | 16; 4% (2% to 6%) Missing data=6 | 14; 5% (3% to 8%) Missing data=6 | 2; 1% (0.4% to 5%) Missing data=0 | 0.16 |
| Anticoagulant | 31; 7% (5% to 10%) Missing data=5 | 26; 8% (6% to 12%) Missing data=5 | 5; 4% (2% to 8%) Missing data=0 | 0.08 |
| Antiplatelet agent | 40; 9% (7% to 12%) Missing data=5 | 28; 9% (6% to 13%) Missing data=5 | 12; 8% (5% to 14%) Missing data=0 | 0.92 |
| Antibiotic | 71; 16% (13% to 19%) Missing data=5 | 59; 19% (15% to 24%) Missing data=5 | 12; 8% (5% to 14%) Missing data=0 | 0.005 |
| Systemic corticosteroid | 26; 6% (4% to 8%) Missing data=5 | 25; 8% (6% to 12%) Missing data=5 | 1; 0.7% (0.1% to 4%) Missing data=0 | 0.003 |
| Inhaled bronchodilator | 58; 13% (10% to 16%) Missing data=5 | 49; 16% (12% to 20%) Missing data=5 | 9; 6% (3% to 11%) Missing data=0 | 0.007 |
| Treatment combinations | N, % (95% CI) | N, % (95% CI) | N, % (95% CI) | |
| Diuretic+nitrate (any route) | 97; 21% (18% to 25%) Missing data=2 | 59; 19% (15% to 24%) Missing data=2 | 38; 27% (20% to 34%) Missing data=0 | 0.09 |
| Diuretic+inhaled bronchodilator | 47; 10% (8% to 14%) Missing data=5 | 41; 13% (10% to 18%) Missing data=5 | 6; 4% (2% to 9%) Missing data=0 | 0.005 |
| Diuretic+antibiotic | 58; 13% (10% to 16%) Missing data=5 | 48; 16% (12% to 20%) Missing data=5 | 10; 7% (4% to 12%) Missing data=0 | 0.02 |
| Diuretic+nitrate (any route)+antibiotic | 18; 4% (3% to 6%) Missing data=6 | 15; 5% (3% to 8%) Missing data=6 | 3; 2% (0.7% to 6%) Missing data=0 | 0.25 |
| Diuretic+inhaled bronchodilator+systemic corticosteroid | 13; 3% (2% to 5%) Missing data=5 | 13; 4% (2% to 7%) Missing data=5 | 0; 0% (0% to 3%) Missing data=0 | 0.03 |
| Diuretic+inhaled bronchodilator+systemic corticosteroid+antibiotic | 8; 2% (1% to 4%) Missing data=5 | 8; 3% (1% to 5%) Missing data=5 | 0; 0% (0% to 3%) Missing data=0 | 0.12 |
| Outcome | N, % (95% CI) | N, % (95% CI) | N, % (95% CI) | |
| Admission to hospital ward (including ICU and interhospital transfers for admission) | 392; 86% (83% to 89%) Missing data=1 | 265; 85% (81% to 89%) Missing data=1 | 127; 89% (83% to 93%) Missing data=0 | 0.37 |
| ICU admission | 19; 4% (3% to 7%) Missing data=1 | 13; 4% (3% to 7%) Missing data=1 | 6; 4% (2% to 9%) Missing data=0 | 0.81 |
| ED short stay unit management (excludes hospital ward admission) | 10; 2% (1% to 4%) Missing data=1 | 6; 2% (1% to 4%) Missing data=1 | 4; 3% (1% to 7%) Missing data=0 | 0.81 |
| Length of stay for patients admitted to hospital (days, median, IQR) | 6, 4 to 9 Missing data=22 | 6, 3 to 9 Missing data=22 | 6, 3 to 8 Missing data=0 | 0.44 |
| Died in ED | 2; 0.5% (0.1% to 2%) Missing data=1 | 2; 0.6% (0.2% to 2%) Missing data=1 | 0; 0% (0% to 3%) Missing data=0 | 0.58 |
| In-hospital mortality for patients admitted to ward including ICU | 20; 5% (3% to 7%) Missing data=22 | 14; 6% (3% to 9%) Missing data=22 | 6; 5% (2% to 10%) Missing data=0 | 0.92 |
Data adjusted for missing data.
Nitrate: some patients had more than one route of administration.
ED, emergency department; ICU, intensive care unit; IV, intravenous; NZ, New Zealand; SE Asia, South East Asia, combined data from Malaysia, Hong Kong and Singapore.