Table 1

Definitions of violence variables

Variable name	Items	Coding
Witnessing IPV:
Shouting	Have you ever seen or overheard your parents or caregivers shouting at each other?	Coded 1 if answered yes; 0 if answered no
Witnessing physical IPV	Have you ever seen or overheard your father hit or beat your mother?	Coded 1 if answered yes; 0 if answered no
Violence experience:	(Note: each participant asked about experience of items below, then asked about perpetrators and time frame)
Emotional violence, (includes neglect)	Insulted you, or called you rude or hurtful names? Accused you of witchcraft? Locked you out or made you stay outside? Not given you food?	Lifetime exposure from any perpetrator. Coded 1 if answered yes to any of the items; 0 if answered no to all items
Physical violence	From perpetrators other than school staff: Twisted your arm or any other body part, slapped you, pushed you or thrown something at you? Punched you, kicked you, or hit you with a closed fist? Hit you with an object, such as a stick or a cane, or whipped you? Cut you with a sharp object or burnt you? Severe violence from school staff: Burnt you as punishment? Choked you? Tried to cut you purposefully with a sharp object? Severely beat you up?	Lifetime exposure from any perpetrator other than school staff, plus lifetime exposure to severe violence from school staff. Coded 1 if answered yes to any of the items; 0 if answered no to all items
Sexual violence	Disturbed or bothered you by making sexual comments about you? Kissed you, when you did not want them to? Touched your genitals or breasts when you did not want them to, or in a way that made you uncomfortable? Threaten or pressure you to make you do something sexual with them? Make you have sex with them, because they threatened or pressured you? Had sex with you, by physically forcing you?	Lifetime exposure from any perpetrator. Coded 1 if answered yes to any of the items; 0 if answered no to all items

IPV, intimate partner violence.