Characteristics of participants according to glucose status and gender
| NGT | Pre-diabetes | Diabetes | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | P1 | P2 | P3 | |
| Number | 267 | 99 | 168 | 240 | 90 | 150 | 222 | 75 | 147 | NS | NS | NS |
| Age (years) | 51.0 (41.0– 57.0) | 51.0 (41.5– 57.5) | 51.0 (40.0– 57.0) | 56.0 (45.0–61.0) | 56.0 (44.0– 59.0) | 56.0 (47.0– 62.0) | 56.0 (46.0– 60.0) | 58.0 (46.0–61.5) | 56.0 (46.0– 59.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | NS |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 114.0 (113.0– 116.0) | 114.0 (102.0– 127.0) | 110.0 (102.0– 120.5) | 121.0 (119.0– 123.0) | 116.0 (110.0– 131.0) | 121.0* (114.0– 132.0) | 121.0 (119.0– 123.0) | 119.0 (113.0– 129.5) | 120.0 (110.0– 130.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | NS |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 74.0 (73.0– 75.0) | 72.0 (68.0– 79.0) | 74.0 (69.0– 80.0) | 77.0 (76.0– 78.0) | 78.0 (72.0– 83.0) | 78.0 (74.0– 82.0) | 80.0 (78.0– 81.0) | 79.0 (73.5– 82.0) | 79.0 (75.5– 85.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.005 |
| BMI | 23.03 (22.60– 23.46) | 23.11 (21.32– 25.15) | 23.06 (19.78– 24.92) | 23.92 (23.47– 24.37) | 24.12 (21.21– 27.46) | 23.64 (21.79– 26.33) | 25.09 (24.61– 25.55) | 27.67 (24.23– 29.45) | 23.37** (21.94– 26.38) | 0.005 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| WHR | 0.86 (0.85– 0.87) | 0.88 (0.82– 0.91) | 0.85* (0.81– 0.90) | 0.89 (0.88– 0.89) | 0.89 (0.84–0.93) | 0.89 (0.86– 0.92) | 0.90 (0.90– 0.91) | 0.91 (0.89– 0.94) | 0.90* (0.87– 0.93) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 4.98 (4.87– 5.09) | 4.98 (4.65– 5.25) | 5.01 (4.75– 5.35) | 5.57 (5.46– 5.69) | 5.44 (4.92– 5.97) | 5.60 (5.04– 6.11) | 7.31 (7.19– 7.43) | 7.33 (7.16– 8.06) | 7.15** (5.73– 7.87) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 2hPG (mmol/L) | 6.01 (5.77– 6.26) | 5.88 (5.30– 6.55) | 6.05 (5.19– 6.83) | 9.29 (9.03– 9.54) | 9.19 (8.51– 9.85) | 9.36 (8.58– 10.19) | 13.95 (13.68– 14.21) | 12.99 (12.23– 14.76) | 13.07 (11.92– 14.73) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| FINS (μIU/L) | 13.73 (12.85– 14.61) | 12.27 (9.51– 16.90) | 11.98 (8.76– 20.11) | 14.70 (13.78– 15.61) | 11.75 (10.59– 17.71) | 12.06 (10.74– 18.71) | 15.38 (14.42– 16.33) | 14.77 (10.80– 20.03) | 14.19 (9.82– 18.29) | NS | 0.014 | NS |
| 2hINS (μIU/L) | 64.18 (57.49– 70.87) | 42.98 (24.02– 87.40) | 55.13 (35.57– 71.38) | 80.05 (73.08– 87.02) | 75.27 (41.60– 119.56) | 71.97 (48.35– 103.81) | 71.23 (63.97– 78.49) | 65.53 (24.57– 90.22) | 63.75* (34.21– 110.37) | 0.001 | NS | NS |
| HbA1c(%) | 5.5 (5.4– 5.6) | 5.5 (5.2– 5.7) | 5.6 (5.3– 5.8) | 5.8 (5.7– 5.9) | 5.8 (5.5– 6.0) | 5.9* (5.6– 6.1) | 6.9 (6.8– 7.0) | 6.9 (6.6– 7.3) | 6.7 (6.0– 7.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.07 (2.81– 3.33) | 2.63 (2.01– 3.86) | 2.67 (1.95– 4.60) | 3.72 (3.46– 3.99) | 2.93 (2.27– 4.18) | 3.28 (2.58– 4.58) | 5.04 (4.76– 5.32) | 4.82 (3.46– 7.29) | 4.18 (3.15– 5.85) | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HOMA-β | 218.63 (203.73– 233.53) | 185.08 (136.51– 246.24) | 161.87 (124.18– 257.26) | 154.67 (139.14– 170.19) | 123.17 (94.47– 185.50) | 122.29 (87.07– 186.75) | 93.41 (77.24– 109.58) | 77.45 (58.17– 88.08) | 74.54 (55.07– 112.40) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.50 (1.36– 1.65) | 1.23 (0.77– 1.70) | 1.15 (0.77– 1.77) | 1.77 (1.62– 1.92) | 1.50 (1.06– 1.99) | 1.68 (1.09– 2.24) | 2.72 (2.56– 2.88) | 2.55 (1.73– 4.14) | 2.44 (1.69– 3.50) | 0.012 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.02 (4.92– 5.12) | 4.94 (4.67– 5.20) | 5.02* (4.67– 5.40) | 5.13 (5.03– 5.23) | 5.15 (4.31– 5.78) | 5.27 (4.66– 5.55) | 5.64 (5.53– 5.75) | 5.47 (5.13– 6.18) | 5.90 (4.93– 6.29) | NS | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.48 (1.44– 1.51) | 1.43 (1.19– 1.69) | 1.45 (1.24– 1.68) | 1.34 (1.31– 1.38) | 1.30 (1.14– 1.48) | 1.29 (1.15– 1.46) | 1.23 (1.19– 1.27) | 1.12 (1.09– 1.28) | 1.28* (1.07– 1.38) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.03 (2.95– 3.12) | 2.84 (2.58– 3.29) | 3.12 (2.58– 3.45) | 3.05 (2.96– 3.14) | 2.83 (2.60– 3.78) | 3.08 (2.76– 3.54) | 3.37 (3.28– 3.47) | 3.50 (2.88– 3.69) | 3.36 (3.02– 4.18) | NS | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ApoA-I (g/L) | 1.48 (1.45– 1.51) | 1.43 (1.31– 1.68) | 1.45 (1.28– 1.63) | 1.39 (1.36– 1.43) | 1.40 (1.26– 1.56) | 1.34 (1.25– 1.52) | 1.33 (1.29– 1.36) | 1.36 (1.22– 1.38) | 1.31 (1.17– 1.42) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.005 |
| ApoB (g/L) | 0.84 (0.81– 0.86) | 0.80 (0.68– 0.97) | 0.84 (0.68– 0.97) | 0.91 (0.88– 0.93) | 0.90 (0.70– 0.98) | 0.97** (0.84– 1.03) | 0.97 (0.94– 1.00) | 0.97 (0.80– 1.03) | 1.05** (0.87– 1.17) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| ApoB/ApoA-I ratio | 0.60 (0.57– 0.62) | 0.55 (0.42– 0.72) | 0.56 (0.44– 0.72) | 0.67 (0.64– 0.70) | 0.66 (0.48– 0.77) | 0.74** (0.56– 0.81) | 0.76 (0.73– 0.78) | 0.71 (0.60– 0.82) | 0.78** (0.68– 0.94) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as median (IQR 25–75%).
P1: NGT versus pre-diabetic group, P2: NGT versus diabetic group, P3: pre-diabetic versus diabetic group.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01 means the gender difference in each group.
Comparisons among NGT, pre-diabetic and diabetic groups were performed after adjusting for age.
2hINS, 2 hour postload serum insulin; 2hPG, 2 hour postload plasma glucose; ApoA-I, apolipoprotein A-I; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FINS, fasting serum insulin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; NS, not significant; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; WHR, waist to hip ratio.