Socioeconomic inequalities in limiting long-standing illness (LLSI) in the Millennium Cohort Study by maternal academic attainment at ages 3, 5, 7 and 11 (n=15 250; 50 401 observations)
| Age 3 | Age 5 | Age 7 | Age 11 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Relative inequality: adjusted† prevalence ratios (PR) for LLSI (95% CIs) | ||||
| Degree | – | – | – | – |
| Diploma | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.2) | 0.7 (0.5 to 1.0) | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.4) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.2) |
| A Level | 0.6 (0.4 to 1.0) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.3) | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.5)‡ | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.5)‡ |
| GCSE A*–C | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.5) | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.4) | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.6) | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.6) |
| GCSE D–G | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.3) | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.6) | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.9) | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.5) |
| No qualifications | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.6) | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.6) | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.3)‡ | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.3)‡ |
| Absolute inequality: adjusted† prevalence differences (PD) for LLSI (95% CIs) | ||||
| Degree | – | – | – | – |
| Diploma | −0.8 (−2.0 to 0.4) | −1.7 (−3.2 to 0.1) | 0.3 (−1.4 to 2.0) | −0.4 (−2.2 to 1.4) |
| A Level | −1.4 (−2.5 to −0.2) | -0.5 (-2.2 to 1.3) | 0.6 (−1.2 to 2.5)‡ | 0.8 (−1.4 to 3.0) |
| GCSE A*–C | 0.4 (−0.7 to 1.5) | 0.6 (−0.8 to 2.0) | 1.3 (−0.1 to 2.7) | 1.8 (0.2 to 3.4) |
| GCSE D–G | −0.5 (−1.9 to 0.9) | 0.3 (−1.7 to 2.3) | 2 (−0.3 to 4.2)‡ | 0.9 (−1.3 to 3.1) |
| No qualifications | 0.5 (−0.9 to 1.8) | 1.3 (−0.5 to 3.1) | 3.9 (1.8 to 6.0)§ | 4.8 (2.0 to 7.5)‡ |
Missing data (n) at age 3, 5, 7, 11 for: LLSI: 149, 86, 82, 110; maternal academic attainment: 110, 100, 88, 69; missing data (n) for maternal age at first live birth: 1359; cohort member ethnicity: 31.
†Adjusted for maternal age at first live birth, child sex and ethnicity.
‡≤0.05, §≤0.001; significance test p-value for age PR differences (interaction) and PD differences (pairwise comparisons) (age 3 baseline).
General Certificate of Education Advanced Level, A level; GCSE,General Certificate of Secondary Education.