Univariate associations between mean resilience protective factor scores and substance use*†
| Ever used tobacco | Recent tobacco use | Ever used alcohol‡ | Recent alcohol use§ | Risk alcohol use¶ | Marijuana use** | Other illicit drug use** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protective factor | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| Individual protective factors:** | |||||||
| Cooperation and communication | 1.65†† (1.50 to 1.81) | 1.81†† (1.57 to 2.08) | 1.42†† (1.32 to 1.52) | 1.48†† (1.32 to 1.66) | 1.14†† (1.29 to 1.55) | 1.79†† (1.52 to 2.12) | 2.22†† (1.78 to 2.77) |
| Empathy | 1.35†† (1.23 to 1.49) | 1.47†† (1.24 to 1.73) | 1.39†† (1.29 to 1.50) | 1.38†† (1.23 to 1.55) | 1.40†† (1.26 to 1.54) | 1.53†† (1.31 to 1.79) | 2.15†† (1.68 to 2.75) |
| Goals and aspirations | 1.76†† (1.64 to 1.90) | 2.23†† (1.97 to 2.53) | 1.71††(1.56 to 1.87) | 1.73†† (1.60 to 1.88) | 1.97†† (1.82 to 2.15) | 1.93†† (1.68 to 2.21) | 2.30†† (1.89 to 2.79) |
| Problem-solving | 1.66†† (1.54 to 1.80) | 1.75†† (1.49 to 2.05) | 1.53†† (1.43 to 1.63) | 1.60†† (1.45 to 1.76) | 1.54†† (1.42 to 1.67) | 1.95†† (1.69 to 2.26) | 2.50†† (1.99 to 3.15) |
| Self-awareness | 1.84†† (1.69 to 2.01) | 2.03†† (1.77 to 2.32) | 1.58†† (1.46 to 1.71) | 1.58†† (1.42 to 1.74) | 1.58†† (1.43 to 1.74) | 1.91†† (1.65 to 2.20) | 2.18†† (1.72 to 2.75) |
| Self-efficacy | 1.95†† (1.77 to 2.15) | 2.21†† (1.79 to 2.72) | 1.65†† (1.50 to 1.81) | 1.59†† (1.39 to 1.82) | 1.68†† (1.50 to 1.89) | 1.84†† (1.51 to 2.24) | 2.56†† (1.93 to 3.41) |
| Environmental protective factors:** | |||||||
| School support | 1.76†† (1.63 to 1.89) | 1.80†† (1.58 to 2.05) | 1.73†† (1.61 to 1.85) | 1.60†† (1.47 to 1.74) | 1.68†† (1.53 to 1.86) | 1.86†† (1.61 to 2.15) | 2.11†† (1.68 to 2.67) |
| School meaningful participation | 1.66†† (1.53 to 1.81) | 1.79†† (1.54 to 2.08) | 1.45†† (1.36 to 1.56) | 1.45†† (1.28 to 1.64) | 1.46†† (1.32 to 1.61) | 1.87†† (1.63 to 2.16) | 1.98†† (1.48 to 2.65) |
| Community support | 1.38†† (1.30 to 1.46) | 1.39†† (1.24 to 1.56) | 1.26†† (1.20 to 1.33) | 1.27†† (1.18 to 1.36) | 1.21†† (1.11 to 1.32) | 1.43†† (1.29 to 1.59) | 1.77†† (1.49 to 2.10) |
| Community meaningful participation | 1.51†† (1.42 to 1.63) | 1.69†† (1.53 to 1.87) | 1.27†† (1.20 to 1.35) | 1.26†† (1.18 to 1.34) | 1.32†† (1.23 to 1.42) | 1.48†† (1.35 to 1.63) | 1.69†† (1.51 to 1.90) |
| Home support | 2.25†† (2.07 to 2.45) | 2.19†† (1.89 to 2.52) | 2.21†† (2.02 to 2.41) | 2.07†† (1.88 to 2.29) | 2.07†† (1.89 to 2.28) | 2.27†† (1.96 to 2.63) | 2.63†† (2.08 to 3.34) |
| Home meaningful participation | 1.71†† (1.55 to 1.87) | 1.81†† (1.55 to 2.11) | 1.49†† (1.37 to 1.61) | 1.41†† (1.27 to 1.58) | 1.46†† (1.34 to 1.60) | 1.84†† (1.61 to 2.10) | 2.02†† (1.59 to 2.57) |
| Peer caring relationships | 1.14†† (1.07 to 1.22) | 1.18 (1.06 to 1.32) | 1.04 (0.98 to 1.10) | 1.11 (1.01 to 1.22) | 1.07 (0.99 to 1.16) | 1.27†† (1.13 to 1.43) | 1.53†† (1.28 to 1.77) |
| Prosocial peers | 3.19†† (2.85 to 3.58) | 3.82†† (3.20 to 4.56) | 2.79†† (2.51 to 3.10) | 2.92†† (2.58 to 3.30) | 3.15†† (2.76 to 3.59) | 3.75†† (3.32 to 4.23) | 4.26†† (3.41 to 5.31) |
*Models adjusted for school clustering, sex, grade, Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander, socioeconomic status, remoteness, school size, and school type.
†Reported data refer to association between substance use and a one unit decrease in each mean resilience protective factor score.
‡35 missing (n=10 057).
§37 missing (n=10 055).
¶40 missing (n=10 052).
**66 missing (n=10 026).
††p<0.0005.