Table 2

Demographic-adjusted ORs of smell and taste impairment by socioeconomic characteristics, lifestyle factors and medical history*

	Smell impairment		Taste impairment
Variable	OR (95% CI)	p Value	OR (95% CI)	p Value
Education level
Low vs high	1.69 (1.30 to 2.20)	<0.001	1.29 (1.00 to 1.67)	0.05
Ratio of family income to poverty
<1.3 vs >3.5	1.80 (1.35 to 2.40)	<0.001	1.28 (0.84 to 1.94)	0.25
Smoking status
Past vs never	0.99 (0.78 to 1.27)	0.96	1.11 (0.80 to 1.56)	0.53
<10 cigarettes/day vs never	1.06 (0.75 to 1.50)	0.76	1.12 (0.77 to 1.65)	0.55
10–20 cigarettes/day vs never	1.36 (0.50 to 3.68)	0.55	1.66 (0.70 to 3.93)	0.25
>20 cigarettes/day vs never	1.00 (0.44 to 2.28)	0.99	1.39 (0.99 to 1.95)	0.06
Alcohol use
1–3 drinks/day vs non-drinkers	0.58 (0.47 to 0.71)	<0.001	0.83 (0.63 to 1.10)	0.20
≥4 drinks/day vs non-drinkers	0.66 (0.33 to 1.30)	0.23	1.22 (0.90 to 1.65)	0.21
Physical activity
Tertile 1 vs tertile 3	1.61 (1.27 to 2.05)	<0.001	1.28 (0.90 to 1.83)	0.17
Depression	1.17 (0.77 to 1.79)	0.46	0.85 (0.62 to 1.18)	0.34
Hypertension	1.31 (1.03 to 1.67)	0.03	1.23 (0.95 to 1.59)	0.13
Obesity	1.02 (0.80 to 1.30)	0.87	1.10 (0.84 to 1.44)	0.48
Diabetes	1.15 (0.91 to 1.44)	0.24	1.15 (0.81 to 1.62)	0.44
CVD	1.53 (1.16 to 2.02)	0.003	1.19 (0.93 to 1.52)	0.15
Asthma	1.36 (0.96 to 1.91)	0.08	1.45 (1.05 to 2.00)	0.03
Cancer	1.35 (1.02 to 1.80)	0.04	0.80 (0.47 to 1.37)	0.43
Pesticide use	0.87 (0.64 to 1.17)	0.34	0.86 (0.65 to 1.14)	0.30
Frequent nasal congestion	0.90 (0.71 to 1.15)	0.40	0.95 (0.70 to 1.27)	0.70
Head injury	0.99 (0.75 to 1.31)	0.93	1.03 (0.72 to 1.46)	0.88
Tonsillectomy	0.93 (0.66 to 1.32)	0.69	1.05 (0.78 to 1.43)	0.74
Broken nose or serious injury to face/skull	1.19 (0.89 to 1.59)	0.25	1.08 (0.84 to 1.39)	0.56

*Adjusted for age, sex and race/ethnicity.
CVD, cardiovascular disease.