Differences in children's overweight and family environments by cluster pattern
| Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | Cluster 4 | Cluster 5 | Cluster 6 | p Value comparing 6 clusters* | Adjusted significance level (rank)† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n=268 | n=271 | n=257 | n=336 | n=238 | n=175 | |||
| Children’s weight status | ||||||||
| Non-overweight | 96.0 | 93.2 | 91.6 | 91.0 | 89.0 | 84.9 | 0.007 | 0.010 (6)‡ |
| Overweight§ | 4.0 | 6.8 | 8.4 | 9.0 | 11.0 | 15.1 | ||
| Family environments | ||||||||
| Family members living with children | ||||||||
| Parental status | ||||||||
| Two parents | 90.6 | 95.2 | 90.7 | 89.9 | 91.2 | 86.9 | 0.079 | 0.013 (7) |
| One parent | 9.4 | 4.8 | 9.3 | 10.1 | 8.8 | 13.1 | ||
| Presence of siblings | ||||||||
| None (only child) | 20.1 | 19.2 | 23.0 | 21.4 | 16.4 | 26.3 | 0.199 | 0.017 (8) |
| One or more | 79.9 | 80.8 | 77.0 | 78.6 | 83.6 | 73.7 | ||
| Presence of grandparents | ||||||||
| None | 39.9 | 51.7 | 54.9 | 42.9 | 41.6 | 44.6 | 0.002 | 0.007 (4)‡ |
| One or more | 60.1 | 48.3 | 45.1 | 57.1 | 58.4 | 55.4 | ||
| Maternal employment status | ||||||||
| Unemployed | 38.7 | 39.0 | 17.8 | 16.7 | 23.5 | 23.2 | <0.001 | 0.006 (3)‡ |
| Employed | 61.3 | 61.0 | 82.2 | 83.3 | 76.5 | 76.8 | ||
| Habitual family and parents’ behaviours | ||||||||
| Meal regularity | ||||||||
| Regular | 72.1 | 66.4 | 58.3 | 64.9 | 64.2 | 52.3 | 0.002 | 0.008 (5)‡ |
| Irregular | 27.9 | 33.6 | 41.7 | 35.1 | 35.8 | 47.7 | ||
| Habitual exercise (minutes/week) | ||||||||
| Mother | ||||||||
| <150 | 98.4 | 99.2 | 97.6 | 98.1 | 96.0 | 97.6 | 0.240 | 0.025 (9) |
| ≥150 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 4.0 | 2.4 | ||
| Father | ||||||||
| <150 | 92.2 | 90.7 | 89.8 | 90.5 | 91.7 | 91.9 | 0.943 | 0.050 (10) |
| ≥150 | 7.8 | 9.3 | 10.2 | 9.5 | 8.3 | 8.1 | ||
| Screen time (hours/day) | ||||||||
| Mother | ||||||||
| <2 | 54.0 | 48.3 | 53.0 | 52.7 | 40.5 | 20.0 | <0.001 | 0.005 (1)‡ |
| 2–3 | 39.2 | 40.6 | 40.2 | 38.2 | 42.8 | 42.6 | ||
| ≥4 | 6.8 | 11.1 | 6.8 | 9.1 | 16.7 | 37.4 | ||
| Father | ||||||||
| <2 | 46.8 | 37.4 | 37.9 | 42.5 | 30.3 | 15.4 | <0.001 | 0.006 (2)‡ |
| 2–3 | 44.0 | 55.3 | 53.9 | 49.5 | 59.0 | 51.0 | ||
| ≥4 | 9.2 | 7.3 | 8.2 | 8.0 | 10.7 | 35.6 | ||
Values are provided as proportion.
*p Values calculated from χ2 test.
†Adjusted significance level using the Holm's method36 for multiple testing, the first entry being the adjusted significance level and the rank in parentheses the rank of the associated original p value in ascending order from most-to-least significant.
‡Statistically significant (p<0.05) after adjustment for multiple testing using the Holm's method. Missing number of cases: children's overweight (252), parental status (3), and meal regularity (286); mothers living with children (n=1532): maternal employment status (66), habitual exercise (65), and screen time (152); fathers living with children (n=1412): habitual exercise (58) and screen time (94).
§Children's overweight (including obese) defined as sex-specific and age-specific body mass index cut-off points of the International Obesity Task Force.29