Sociodemographic, obstetric and children's characteristics (n=1503)
| Characteristics | Total n=1503; (n, %) | Male infant n=781; (n, %) | Female infant n=722; (n, %) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
| Maternal age | ||||
| ≤24 | 169 (11.2) | 95 (12.2) | 74 (10.2) | 0.485 |
| 25–34 | 1252 (83.3) | 645 (82.6) | 607 (84.1) | |
| ≥35 | 82 (5.5) | 41 (5.2) | 41 (5.7) | |
| Education | ||||
| College or university | 88 (5.9) | 52 (6.7) | 36 (5.0) | 0.054 |
| Middle school | 291 (19.4) | 165 (21.1) | 126 (17.5) | |
| Primary school or below | 1124 (74.8) | 564 (72.2) | 560 (77.6) | |
| Vocation | ||||
| Company employee | 321 (21.4) | 158 (20.2) | 163 (22.6) | 0.761 |
| Private owner | 106 (7.1) | 55 (7.0) | 51 (7.1) | |
| Technician and liberal profession | 614 (40.9) | 318 (40.7) | 296 (41) | |
| Unemployed | 281 (18.7) | 153 (19.6) | 128 (17.7) | |
| Others | 181 (12.0) | 97 (12.4) | 84 (11.6) | |
| Method of payment | ||||
| Self-payment | 490 (32.6) | 256 (32.8) | 234 (32.4) | 0.642 |
| Government insurance | 681 (45.3) | 346 (44.3) | 335 (46.4) | |
| Private insurance | 332 (22.1) | 179 (22.9) | 153 (21.2) | |
| Resident status | ||||
| Resident women | 794 (52.8) | 407 (52.1) | 387 (53.6) | 0.564 |
| Migrant women | 709 (47.2) | 374 (47.9) | 335 (46.4) | |
| Obstetric characteristics | ||||
| Abortion | ||||
| 0 | 1205 (80.2) | 617 (79.0) | 588 (81.4) | 0.106 |
| 1 | 221 (14.7) | 115 (14.7) | 106 (14.7) | |
| ≥2 | 77 (5.1) | 49 (6.3) | 28 (3.9) | |
| Delivery mode | ||||
| Vaginal birth | 764 (50.8) | 399 (51.1) | 365 (50.6) | 0.836 |
| Caesarean section | 739 (49.2) | 382 (48.9) | 357 (49.4) | |
| Midwife-led delivery | ||||
| No | 1069 (71.1) | 552 (70.7) | 517 (71.6) | 0.692 |
| Yes | 434 (28.9) | 229 (29.3) | 205 (28.4) | |
| Infant's health outcome | ||||
| Preterm children | ||||
| No | 1386 (92.2) | 719 (92.1) | 667 (92.4) | 0.817 |
| Yes | 117 (7.8) | 62 (7.9) | 55 (7.6) | |
| Birth weight | ||||
| <2500 g | 24 (1.6) | 13 (1.7) | 11 (1.5) | 0.049 |
| 2500—3999 g | 1364 (90.8) | 699 (89.5) | 665 (92.1) | |
| ≥4000 g | 115 (7.7) | 69 (8.8) | 46 (6.4) | |
| Breastfeeding in first 24 hours | ||||
| No | 224 (14.9) | 130 (16.6) | 94 (13.0) | 0.049 |
| Yes | 1279 (85.1) | 651 (83.4) | 628 (87.0) | |
| Birth control policy settings | ||||
| Two-child policy status† | 483 (32.1) | 259 (33.2) | 224 (31.0) | 0.375 |
| One-child policy status‡ | 1020 (67.9) | 522 (66.8) | 498 (69.0) | |
*Pearson χ2 test.
†The family was allowed to have two children if both of the parents were from one-child families under the birth control policy during the study period.
‡The family was allowed to have only one child if one of or both of the parents were from multi-children families under the birth control policy during the study period.