Predisposing, enabling, behaviour-related and need factors as predictors of physician use for women: results from logistic cross-classified multilevel models.‡ Canadian NPHS, 1994–2011
| Primary care | Specialist care | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Age and cohort effects | ||||
| Linear age§ | 0.85 (0.84 to 0.86)*** | 0.71 (0.70 to 0.73)*** | 1.03 (1.03 to 1.04) | 0.92 (0.92 to 0.93)*** |
| Birth cohort (Ref: pre-World War) | ||||
| World war II | 1.04 (0.89 to 1.22) | 0.86 (0.54 to 1.38) | 1.38 (1.11 to 1.71) | 1.15 (0.92 to 1.44) |
| Older Baby Boomer | 0.85 (0.69 to 1.06) | 0.68 (0.45 to 1.01) | 1.38 (1.13 to 1.68) | 1.06 (0.86 to 1.30) |
| Younger Baby Boomer | 0.71 (0.53 to 0.96)*** | 0.55 (0.39 to 0.79)*** | 1.31 (1.10 to 1.56) | 0.95 (0.79 to 1.15) |
| Gen X | 0.64 (0.44 to 0.93)*** | 0.48 (0.28 to 0.81)*** | 1.45 (1.14 to 1.83)** | 0.97 (0.75 to 1.25) |
| Predisposing, enabling and behaviour-related | ||||
| Education (Ref: 16+years) | ||||
| 12–16 years | 0.96 (0.78 to 1.19) | 0.99 (0.81 to 1.21) | 0.79 (0.66 to 0.96)* | 0.81 (0.68 to 0.97)* |
| <12 years | 0.91 (0.72 to 1.15) | 0.93 (0.75 to 1.15) | 0.57 (0.46 to 0.69)*** | 0.57 (0.47 to 0.70)*** |
| Income quartiles (Ref: bottom (Q1)) | ||||
| Q2 | 0.92 (0.85 to 1.00)† | 0.96 (0.89 to 1.05) | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.03) | 0.99 (0.92 to 1.07) |
| Q3 | 0.94 (0.86 to 1.03) | 0.98 (0.90 to 1.07) | 1.00 (0.92 to 1.09) | 1.06 (0.97 to 1.15) |
| Top (Q4) | 0.96 (0.87 to 1.05) | 1.00 (0.91 to 1.10) | 1.03 (0.95 to 1.13) | 1.10 (1.01 to 1.19)* |
| Missing | 0.86 (0.73 to 1.02)† | 0.89 (0.75 to 1.04) | 0.94 (0.81 to 1.10) | 0.98 (0.84 to 1.14) |
| Have regular source of care | 3.82 (3.45 to 4.23)*** | 3.51 (3.17 to 3.89)*** | 1.44 (1.30 to 1.60)*** | 1.30 (1.17 to 1.44)*** |
| Smokers (Ref: never) | ||||
| Current | 1.01 (0.91 to 1.11) | 0.92 (0.84 to 1.01) | 1.06 (0.97 to 1.16) | 0.99 (0.91 to 1.07) |
| Former | 1.07 (0.98 to 1.16) | 1.01 (0.93 to 1.09) | 1.13 (1.04 to 1.22)** | 1.07 (0.99 to 1.15)† |
| BMI (Ref: normal)¶ | ||||
| Underweight | 1.08 0.89 to 1.30) | 1.08 (0.90 to 1.30) | 1.11 (0.93 to 1.33) | 1.12 (0.94 to 1.33) |
| Overweight | 1.31 (1.22 to 1.42)*** | 1.24 (1.15 to 1.33)*** | 1.06 (0.99 to 1.14)† | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.07) |
| Moderate obese | 1.81 (1.62 to 2.01)*** | 1.52 (1.37 to 1.68)*** | 1.18 (1.07 to 1.29)*** | 1.01 (0.92 to 1.11) |
| Severe obese | 2.10 (1.80 to 2.45)*** | 1.53 (1.32 to 1.77)*** | 1.30 (1.15 to 1.48)*** | 0.99 (0.87 to 1.12) |
| Physically inactive | 0.90 (0.85 to 0.95)*** | 0.90 (0.85 to 0.96)*** | 0.88 (0.83 to 0.92)*** | 0.88 (0.83 to 0.93)*** |
| Sedentary lifestyle | 1.09 (1.02 to 1.17)* | 1.07 (1.00 to 1.14)*** | 1.13 (1.06 to 1.21)*** | 1.11 (1.04 to 1.18)** |
| Need for healthcare | ||||
| Chronic conditions (Ref: none) | ||||
| 1 | 2.03 (1.89 to 2.17)*** | 1.73 (1.61 to 1.86)*** | ||
| 2+ | 3.30 (3.03 to 3.60)*** | 4.98 (4.49 to 5.54)*** | ||
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.0001, †p<0.1.
‡Models include period (survey year) as a random effect.
§Age was centred at the mean of the distribution in 1994–1995 (39 years). Models included a quadratic age term.
¶Severe obese (≥35.0), moderate obese (30.0–34.9), overweight (25.0–29.9), underweight (<18.5), normal (18.5–24.9).
BMI, body mass index; Gen X, Generation X; NPHS, National Population Health Survey.