Characteristics of cases and controls presenting at selected hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan
| Characteristics | Cases n (%) | Controls n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Age of mother (years) | ||
| Mean (SD) | 25.3 (4.8) | 26.0 (4.6) |
| Mother tongue of respondent | ||
| Urdu | 168 (53.8) | 492 (51.1) |
| Sindhi | 31 (9.9) | 88 (9.1) |
| Punjabi | 20 (6.4) | 79 (8.2) |
| Balochi | 28 (9.0) | 99 (10.3) |
| Pashto | 31 (9.9) | 111 (11.5) |
| Others | 34 (10.9) | 94 (9.8) |
| Educational level | ||
| No formal education | 114 (36.5) | 353 (36.7) |
| Primary and secondary | 160 (51.3) | 519 (53.9) |
| Intermediate | 26 (8.3) | 66 (6.9) |
| Graduate and post graduate | 12 (3.8) | 25 (2.6) |
| Religion | ||
| Muslim | 302 (96.8) | 937 (97.3) |
| Christian | 1 (0.3) | 8 (0.8) |
| Hindu | 9 (2.9) | 18 (1.9) |
| Family system | ||
| Nuclear | 106 (34.0) | 356 (37.0) |
| Joint | 206 (66.0) | 607 (63.0) |
| Nature of house | ||
| Kachchaa (made by mud and wood) | 14 (4.5) | 21 (2.2) |
| Pakka (made by bricks and cement) | 298 (95.5) | 942 (97.8) |
| Work currently | ||
| No | 307 (98.4) | 952 (98.9) |
| Yes | 5 (1.6) | 11 (1.1) |
| Gravidity median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 2.0 (3.0–4.0) |
| Years of marriage median (IQR) | 3.0 (1.0–7.0) | 5.0 (3.0–9.0) |
| No. of antenatal care visits | ||
| Mean (SD) | 6.6 (3.6) | 6.5 (3.2) |
| Ever domestic violence | ||
| No | 306 (98.1) | 947 (98.3) |
| Yes | 6 (1.9) | 16 (1.7) |
| Gestational age when foetal movement started (weeks) | ||
| Mean (SD) | 20.7 (2.3) | 20.7 (2.2) |
| Complication during current pregnancy | ||
| No | 192 (61.5) | 765 (79.4) |
| Yes | 120 (38.5) | 198 (20.6) |
| Immunisation done during this pregnancy | ||
| No | 65 (20.8) | 216 (22.4) |
| Yes | 247 (79.2) | 747 (77.6) |
| Ultrasound done during this pregnancy | ||
| No | 8 (2.6) | 19 (2.0) |
| Yes | 304 (97.4) | 944 (98.0) |
| Duration between water break and delivery of baby (hours) | ||
| Median (IQR) | 13.0 (6.0–36.0) | 6.0 (2.0–14.0) |
| Material/fuel use for cooking | ||
| Gas | 291 (93.3) | 905 (94.0) |
| Wood and others | 21 (6.7) | 58 (6.0) |
| Slits/window in the kitchen | ||
| No | 29 (9.3) | 54 (5.6) |
| Yes | 283 (90.7) | 909 (94.4) |
| Slits/window in the house | ||
| No | 12 (3.8) | 26 (2.7) |
| Yes | 300 (96.2) | 937 (97.3) |
| Exhaust fan in kitchen | ||
| No | 277 (88.8) | 834 (86.6) |
| Yes | 35 (11.2) | 129 (13.4) |
| Average time spent in kitchen while stove burning (hours) | ||
| Mean (SD) | 1.9 (0.9) | 1.9 (0.9) |
| Tobacco use | ||
| No | 180 (57.7) | 728 (75.6) |
| Yes | 132 (42.3) | 235 (24.4) |