Table 4

Use of surgery and injection procedures, physiotherapy and analgesics by group*

	Code	nLBP		IDD		SS
		n	Per cent	n	Per cent	n	Per cent
Total		111 544	100.0	48 413	100.0	28 842	100.0
Surgical intervention
No		111 194	99.69	48 178	99.51	28 641	99.30
Yes		1008	0.90	2221	4.59	1399	4.85
Surgery procedure code
Open lumbar discectomy	N1493	6	0.01	1667	3.44	436	1.51
Lumbar laminectomy	N1499	4	0.00	121	0.25	451	1.56
Lumbar arthrodesis (posterior technique)	N0469	–	–	25	0.05	103	0.36
Endoscopic discectomy	N1494	–	–	53	0.11	–	–
Lumbar arthrodesis (anterior technique)	N0466	–	–	6	0.01	19	0.07
Other		1	0.00	10	0.02	5	0.02
Non-surgical intervention
Epidural nerve block (lumbar and/or caudal)	LA322	4480	4.02	6830	14.11	5202	18.04
Spinal nerve plexus, root or ganglion block (posterior division)	LA357	1149	1.03	740	1.53	494	1.71
Selective spinal nerve plexus, root or ganglion block	LA354	395	0.35	968	2.00	807	2.80
Spinal nerve plexus, root or ganglion block (posterior medial branch)	LA358	588	0.53	862	1.78	629	2.18
Spinal nerve plexus, root or ganglion block (facet joint)	LA359	416	0.37	618	1.28	532	1.84
Spinal nerve plexus, root or ganglion block (lumbar or sacral plexus)	LA253	419	0.38	447	0.92	340	1.18
Spinal nerve plexus, root or ganglion block (dorsal root ganglion)	LA355	62	0.06	312	0.64	259	0.90
Spinal nerve plexus, root or ganglion block (gray rami communicans)	LA356	1	0.00	3	0.01	2	0.01
Physiotherapy
Deep heat therapy	MM020	56 380	50.55	25 663	53.01	12 757	44.23
Superficial heat therapy with deep heat therapy	MM015	56 078	50.27	25 512	52.70	12 651	43.86
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation with interferential current therapy	MM080	34 326	30.77	16 913	34.93	8228	28.53
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation	MM070	31 940	28.63	14 121	29.17	7141	24.76
Superficial heat therapy	MM010	13 001	11.66	7751	16.01	3730	12.93
Intermittent pelvic traction therapy	MM052	4510	4.04	13 929	28.77	3095	10.73
Rehabilitation low output laser therapy	MM085	5281	4.73	2885	5.96	1348	4.67
Simple therapeutic exercise	MM101	3673	3.29	2401	4.96	851	2.95
Other		1000	0.90	701	1.45	500	1.73
Analgesics
Non-opioid analgesics		81 150	72.75	38 014	78.52	23 391	81.10
Opioid analgesics		761	0.68	1994	4.12	1545	5.36
Non-opioid analgesics
Aceclofenac 100 mg	100901AT	25 102	22.50	14 044	29.01	8036	27.86
Tramadol HCl 50 mg	242303BI	24 344	21.82	9489	19.60	5919	20.52
Talniflumate 370 mg	234401AT	20 245	18.15	8378	17.31	3978	13.79
Diclofenac sodium 75 mg	143502BI	18 249	16.36	7065	14.59	3806	13.20
Loxoprofen sodium 60 mg	186101AT	18 589	16.67	6831	14.11	3288	11.40
Acetaminophen 162.5 mg	480600AT	9889	8.87	5609	11.59	4024	13.95
Diclofenac-β-dimethyl-aminoethanol 90 mg	143601BI	8161	7.32	5242	10.83	3130	10.85
Other		48 265	43.27	24 452	50.51	17 699	61.37
Opioid analgesics
Codeine phosphate 10 mg	313400AC	222	0.20	506	1.05	442	1.53
Pethidine HCl 50 mg	211501BI	181	0.16	574	1.19	266	0.92
Pethidine HCl 25 mg	211502BI	145	0.13	374	0.77	277	0.96
Fentanyl citrate 100 mg	158302BI	53	0.05	428	0.88	305	1.06
Fentanyl 2.1 mg	158205CP	90	0.08	152	0.31	231	0.80
Remifentanil HCl 1 mg	457601BI	10	0.01	198	0.41	178	0.62
Remifentanil HCl 2 mg	457602BI	5	0.00	121	0.25	89	0.31
Other		202	0.18	385	0.80	554	1.92

*Patients with overlapping records tallied as separate patients.
IDD, intervertebral disc disorder; nLBP, non-specific low back pain; SS, spinal stenosis.