Determinants of regular smoking initiation for males (ORs)
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Logit | Logit | Split population | Logit | Logit | |
| Price of cigarettes | 0.984*** | 0.983*** | 0.990*** | 0.975*** | 0.970*** |
| (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.003) | (0.008) | (0.008) | |
| Rural | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Urban | 1.232*** | 1.267*** | 1.336*** | 1.548*** | 1.467*** |
| (0.051) | (0.053) | (0.052) | (0.163) | (0.156) | |
| Parents: primary/no education | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Parents: incomplete secondary education | 1.039 | 0.997 | 1.030 | 0.834* | 0.894 |
| (0.050) | (0.047) | (0.063) | (0.085) | (0.091) | |
| Parents: complete secondary education | 0.960 | 0.889 | 0.918 | 0.954 | 1.041 |
| (0.077) | (0.071) | (0.100) | (0.168) | (0.186) | |
| Parents: at least some tertiary education | 0.774*** | 0.730*** | 0.743*** | 0.677* | 0.757 |
| (0.076) | (0.071) | (0.124) | (0.137) | (0.154) | |
| Illiterate | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Literate | 0.615*** | 0.598*** | 0.571*** | 0.683*** | 0.716*** |
| (0.031) | (0.030) | (0.058) | (0.082) | (0.087) | |
| Mother alive when respondent was 15 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Mother died before respondent was 15 | 1.091 | 1.075 | 1.047 | 1.731 | 1.482 |
| (0.103) | (0.098) | (0.103) | (0.626) | (0.523) | |
| Confidence in the economy | 0.980*** | 0.974*** | 0.972*** | 0.990 | 0.992 |
| (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.015) | (0.015) | |
| Neither parent has ever smoked | 1.000 | ||||
| Either parent was ever a smoker | 1.943*** | ||||
| (0.200) | |||||
| Duration dependency (temporal dummies) | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
| Duration dependency (fourth-order polynomial) | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Controls for race | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Controls for duration dependency and race group interactions | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Number of individuals | 7771 | 7771 | 7771 | 1732 | 1732 |
| Number of person-period observations | 96 298 | 96 426 | 96 426 | 18 262 | 18 262 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.100 | 0.102 | 0.115 | 0.124 | |
| Price elasticity of initiation | −0.21*** | −0.23*** | −0.41*** | −0.47*** |
Source: National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) wave 1 (2008), wave 2 (2010) and wave 3 (2012).
*p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01.