Randomised controlled trials |
Baker et al23 | Strong | Strong | Strong | Moderate | Strong | Strong | Strong |
Daucourt et al25 | Moderate | Strong | Strong | Strong | Moderate | Strong | Strong |
Thomas et al10 | Strong | Strong | Strong | Strong | Strong | Strong | Strong |
Tierney et al35 | Strong | Strong | Strong | Moderate | Strong | Strong | Strong |
Non-randomised controlled studies |
Berwick and Coltin17 | Moderate | Strong | Moderate | Weak | Strong | Weak | Weak |
Gama et al18 | Weak | Moderate | Weak | Weak | Strong | Strong | Weak |
Schectman et al33 | Moderate | Strong | Weak | Moderate | Strong | Strong | Moderate |
Tomlin et al36 | Strong | Strong | Weak | Moderate | Strong | Moderate | Moderate |
Wong et al42 | Weak | Moderate | Weak | Moderate | Strong | Weak | Weak |
Interrupted time series |
Horn et al45 | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Weak | Strong | Moderate | Moderate |
van Walraven et al39 | Strong | Moderate | Moderate | Strong | Strong | Strong | Strong |
Before and after studies |
Adlan et al22 | Weak | Moderate | Weak | Moderate | Strong | Weak | Weak |
Chu et al24 | Weak | Moderate | Weak | Moderate | Strong | Weak | Weak |
Cipullo and Mostoufizadeh19 | Weak | Moderate | Weak | Weak | Weak | Weak | Weak |
Dowling et al26 | Weak | Moderate | Weak | Weak | Weak | Strong | Weak |
Emerson and Emerson27 | Weak | Moderate | Weak | Weak | Strong | Weak | Weak |
Feldkamp and Carey28 | Weak | Moderate | Weak | Weak | Strong | Weak | Weak |
Grivell et al29 | Weak | Moderate | Weak | Weak | Strong | Weak | Weak |
Hardwick et al44 | Strong | Moderate | Moderate | Strong | Strong | Strong | Moderate |
Larsson et al30 | Moderate | Moderate | Weak | Moderate | Strong | Strong | Moderate |
Nightingale et al32 | Weak | Moderate | Weak | Weak | Strong | Weak | Weak |
Rhyne and Gehlbach43 | Weak | Moderate | Weak | Moderate | Strong | Weak | Weak |
Stuart et al34 | Weak | Moderate | Weak | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Weak |
Toubert et al36 | Weak | Moderate | Weak | Moderate | Moderate | Weak | Weak |
van Gend et al38 | Strong | Moderate | Weak | Moderate | Strong | Strong | Moderate |
Vidal-Trécan et al40 | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Strong | Strong | Strong |
Willis and Datta41 | Weak | Moderate | Weak | Moderate | Strong | Weak | Weak |