Table 1

Descriptive characteristics of the total hip arthroplasty study cohort

CharacteristicAllNoneSomeChronic
Total, n (%)95255138 (53.9)3794 (39.8)593 (6.2)
Age at surgery, median (5th–95th centile), years80 (76–84)81 (63–88)80 (61–89)81 (59–89)
Sex, n (%)
 Women4891 (51.3)2558 (49.8)1977 (52.1)356 (60.0)
 Men4634 (48.7)2580 (50.2)1817 (47.9)237 (40.0)
Bilateral (more than 365 days), n (%)1200 (12.6)669 (13.0)473 (12.5)58 (9.8)
Year of operation, n (%)
 2001–20021738 (18.2)1001 (19.5)694 (18.3)43 (7.3)
 2003–20041840 (19.3)980 (19.1)786 (20.7)74 (12.5)
 2005–20061654 (17.4)925 (18.0)651 (17.2)78 (13.2)
 2007–20081590 (16.7)853 (16.6)612 (16.1)125 (21.1)
 2009–20101454 (15.3)750 (14.6)572 (15.1)132 (22.3)
 2011–20121249 (13.1)629 (12.2)479 (12.6)141 (23.8)
Surgical indication, n (%)
 ICD-10-AM M161: other primary osteoarthritis7826 (82.2)4241 (82.5)3092 (81.5)493 (83.1)
 ICD-10-AM M169: osteoarthritis unspecified882 (9.3)513 (10.0)342 (9.0)27 (4.6)
 Other817 (8.6)384 (7.5)360 (9.5)73 (12.3)
Opioid-related comorbidities
 Depression, n (%)1695 (17.8)755 (14.7)764 (20.1)176 (29.7)
 Back pain, n (%)1367 (14.4)466 (9.1)694 (18.3)207 (34.9)
 Anxiety, n (%)1167 (12.3)445 (8.7)569 (15.0)153 (25.8)
 Psychoses, n (%)191 (2.0)96 (1.9)74 (2.0)21 (3.5)
 Alcohol abuse, n (%)88 (0.9)36 (0.7)45 (1.2)7 (1.2)
 Bipolar disorder, n (%)26 (0.3)14 (0.3)11 (0.3)1 (0.2)
 Drug abuse, n (%)11 (0.1)4 (0.1)3 (0.1)4 (0.7)
Cardiovascular/blood comorbidities
 Hypertension, n (%)5384 (56.5)2789 (54.3)2215 (58.4)380 (64.1)
 Anticoagulation agents/coagulopathy, n (%)5071 (53.2)2676 (52.1)2077 (54.7)318 (53.6)
 Hyperlipidaemia, n (%)3621 (38.0)1819 (35.4)1534 (40.4)268 (45.2)
 IHD hypertension, n (%)3341 (35.1)1722 (33.5)1392 (36.7)227 (38.3)
 Antiplatelet agents, n (%)3213 (33.7)1594 (31.0)1377 (36.3)242 (40.8)
 Arrhythmias, n (%)1837 (19.3)937 (18.2)774 (20.4)126 (21.2)
 Congestive heart failure, n (%)1277 (13.4)556 (10.8)585 (15.4)136 (22.9)
 Angina, n (%)1112 (11.7)484 (9.4)530 (14.0)98 (16.5)
 Myocardial infarction, n (%)241 (2.5)112 (2.2)112 (3.0)17 (2.9)
 Peripheral vascular disease, n (%)225 (2.4)105 (2.0)100 (2.6)20 (3.4)
 Valvular disease, n (%)225 (2.4)118 (2.3)96 (2.5)11 (1.9)
 Cerebrovascular disorders, n (%)201 (2.1)90 (1.8)95 (2.5)16 (2.7)
 Pulmonary circulation disorders, n (%)109 (1.1)54 (1.1)42 (1.1)13 (2.2)
Endocrine comorbidities
 Diabetes uncomplicated, n (%)1007 (10.6)474 (9.2)440 (11.6)93 (15.7)
 Hypothyroidism, n (%)674 (7.1)348 (6.8)260 (6.9)66 (11.1)
 Diabetes with complications, n (%)624 (6.6)284 (5.5)281 (7.4)59 (9.9)
 Pancreatic insufficiency, n (%)15 (0.2)4 (0.1)10 (0.3)1 (0.2)
Gastrointestinal comorbidities
 Gastric acid disorder, n (%)4267 (44.8)1981 (38.6)1904 (50.2)382 (64.4)
 Liver disease (severe) or failure, n (%)361 (3.8)121 (2.4)173 (4.6)67 (11.3)
 Peptic ulcer disease, n (%)95 (1.0)47 (0.9)40 (1.1)8 (1.3)
 Inflammatory bowel syndrome, n (%)80 (0.8)40 (0.8)37 (1.0)3 (0.5)
 Liver disease (mild), n (%)25 (0.3)9 (0.2)13 (0.3)3 (0.5)
 Hepatitis C, n (%)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)
Musculoskeletal/pain-related comorbidities
 Osteoporosis/Paget's, n (%)1189 (12.5)564 (11.0)496 (13.1)129 (21.8)
 Gout, n (%)950 (10.0)471 (9.2)407 (10.7)72 (12.1)
 RA/collage vascular disorders, n (%)108 (1.1)32 (0.6)62 (1.6)14 (2.4)
 Migraine, n (%)28 (0.3)9 (0.2)11 (0.3)8 (1.3)
Neurological comorbidities
 Dementia, n (%)191 (2.0)97 (1.9)65 (1.7)29 (4.9)
 Epilepsy421 (4.4)143 (2.8)210 (5.5)68 (11.5)
 Parkinson's disease, n (%)152 (1.6)62 (1.2)70 (1.8)20 (3.4)
 Other neurological disorders, n (%)119 (1.2)60 (1.2)47 (1.2)12 (2.0)
 Paralysis (or paraplegia/hemiplegia), n (%)63 (0.7)26 (0.5)32 (0.8)5 (0.8)
Nutritional/obesity comorbidities
 Deficiency anaemia, n (%)152 (1.6)65 (1.3)72 (1.9)15 (2.5)
 Obesity, n (%)146 (1.5)57 (1.1)77 (2.0)12 (2.0)
 Weight loss, n (%)87 (0.9)31 (0.6)49 (1.3)7 (1.2)
 Blood loss anaemia, n (%)60 (0.6)24 (0.5)29 (0.8)7 (1.2)
 Malnutrition, n (%)16 (0.2)9 (0.2)5 (0.1)2 (0.3)
 Hyperkalaemia, n (%)3 (0.0)3 (0.1)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)
Renal/urological
 Renal disease/failure, n (%)410 (4.3)168 (3.3)196 (5.2)46 (7.8)
 Benign prostatic hypertrophy, n (%)352 (3.7)189 (3.7)137 (3.6)26 (4.4)
Respiratory comorbidities
 Reactive airway disease, n (%)1978 (20.8)931 (18.1)888 (23.4)159 (26.8)
 Chronic pulmonary disease, n (%)504 (5.3)230 (4.5)228 (6.0)46 (7.8)
 Tuberculosis, n (%)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)
Miscellaneous comorbidities
 Allergies, n (%)1327 (13.9)592 (11.5)618 (16.3)117 (19.7)
 Glaucoma, n (%)897 (9.4)494 (9.6)356 (9.4)47 (7.9)
 Smoking, n (%)90 (0.9)32 (0.6)53 (1.4)5 (0.8)
 Psoriasis, n (%)46 (0.5)19 (0.4)24 (0.6)3 (0.5)
 Transplant, n (%)2 (0.0)1 (0.0)1 (0.0)0 (0.0)
 HIV, n (%)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)
Other analgesic medication use
Pre-THA
 NSAIDs, n (%)6093 (64.0)3007 (58.5)2722 (71.7)364 (61.4)
 Hypnotics and sedatives, n (%)1904 (20.0)693 (13.5)1012 (26.7)199 (33.6)
 Corticosteroids, n (%)1275 (13.4)474 (9.2)672 (17.7)129 (21.8)
 Antineuropathic pain, n (%)657 (6.9)205 (4.0)333 (8.8)119 (20.1)
 Muscle relaxants, n (%)27 (0.3)7 (0.1)17 (0.4)3 (0.5)
Post-THA
 NSAIDs, n (%)4288 (45.0)2033 (39.6)1969 (51.9)286 (48.2)
 Hypnotics and sedatives, n (%)1950 (20.5)762 (14.8)982 (25.9)206 (34.7)
 Corticosteroids, n (%)1242 (13.0)497 (9.7)623 (16.4)122 (20.6)
 Antineuropathic pain, n (%)678 (7.1)233 (4.5)326 (8.6)119 (20.1)
 Muscle relaxants, n (%)24 (0.3)5 (0.1)15 (0.4)4 (0.7)
  • Overall and by preoperative opioid utilisation status, 2001–2012. ICD-10-AM, International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Australian Modification; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; THA, total hip arthroplasty.