Table 4

Risk factors for developing new chronic opioid use after THA surgery (N=190/8932)

Risk factorCrude OR (95% CI)p ValueAdjusted OR (95% CI)p Value
Demographics
 Sex: women vs men1.47 (1.09 to 1.97)0.0111.40 (1.00 to 1.96)0.049*
Opioid-related comorbidities
 Back pain5.52 (4.12 to 7.41)<0.0013.90 (2.85 to 5.33)<0.001*
 Depression2.13 (1.56 to 2.93)<0.0011.70 (1.20 to 2.41)0.003*
 Alcohol abuse3.08 (1.23 to 7.71)0.0162.16 (0.75 to 6.22)0.152
 Psychoses2.98 (1.55 to 5.74)0.0011.39 (0.65 to 2.96)0.392
 Anxiety1.66 (1.14 to 2.43)0.0091.00 (0.66 to 1.50)0.990
Medical comorbidities
 Migraine5.16 (1.19 to 22.38)0.0285.11 (1.08 to 24.18)0.040*
 Liver mild disease7.37 (2.16 to 25.10)0.0014.33 (1.08 to 17.35)0.039*
 Weight loss3.82 (1.64 to 8.89)0.0022.60 (1.06 to 6.39)0.038*
 Dementia2.79 (1.40 to 5.56)0.0032.19 (1.04 to 4.61)0.039*
 Gastric acid disease2.49 (1.84 to 3.36)<0.0011.62 (1.16 to 2.25)0.004*
 Hyperlipidaemia1.76 (1.32 to 2.34)<0.0011.38 (1.00 to 1.91)0.048*
 Diabetes with complications2.08 (1.34 to 3.25)0.0011.86 (0.97 to 3.57)0.063
 Epilepsy3.15 (1.97 to 5.02)<0.0011.01 (0.58 to 1.77)0.972
 Benign prostatic hypertrophy1.64 (0.89 to 3.05)0.1161.61 (0.81 to 3.22)0.176
 Peripheral vascular disease2.44 (1.27 to 4.68)0.0081.57 (0.77 to 3.19)0.215
 Osteoporosis/Paget's1.89 (1.32 to 2.71)0.0011.30 (0.88 to 1.93)0.186
 Myocardial infarction2.46 (1.32 to 4.59)0.0051.46 (0.73 to 2.94)0.284
 Diabetes uncomplicated1.40 (0.92 to 2.13)0.1140.76 (0.41 to 1.39)0.374
 Antiplatelets agents1.38 (1.03 to 1.85)0.0320.85 (0.61 to 1.17)0.317
 Chronic pulmonary disease2.10 (1.30 to 3.41)0.0031.31 (0.74 to 2.33)0.349
 Reactive airway disease1.33 (0.96 to 1.85)0.0910.89 (0.60 to 1.30)0.538
 Hypothyroidism1.63 (1.02 to 2.61)0.0421.22 (0.74 to 2.00)0.442
 Angina1.86 (1.28 to 2.68)0.0011.18 (0.77 to 1.79)0.446
 RA/collage vascular disorders2.63 (1.06 to 6.54)0.0381.38 (0.49 to 3.84)0.542
 Inflammatory bowel syndrome2.55 (0.92 to 7.06)0.0711.37 (0.45 to 4.17)0.583
 Liver disease (severe) or failure2.21 (1.24 to 3.93)0.0071.10 (0.59 to 2.04)0.764
 Congestive heart failure1.85 (1.30 to 2.64)0.0011.07 (0.72 to 1.60)0.728
 Parkinson's disease2.23 (0.97 to 5.12)0.0591.14 (0.43 to 3.01)0.796
 Renal disease/failure1.91 (1.10 to 3.32)0.0221.06 (0.59 to 1.91)0.849
 Other neurological disorder2.29 (0.92 to 5.68)0.0741.14 (0.38 to 3.44)0.811
Other analgesic use
 Pre-THA: hypnotics and sedatives2.31 (1.70 to 3.12)<0.0011.56 (1.13 to 2.16)0.007*
 Pre-THA: antineuropathic pain4.72 (3.31 to 6.72)<0.0013.11 (2.05 to 4.72)<0.001*
 Pre-THA: muscle relaxants4.22 (0.87 to 18.06)0.0531.95 (0.39 to 9.74)0.416
 Pre-THA: corticosteroids1.78 (1.25 to 2.55)0.0021.17 (0.79 to 1.74)0.430
 Bilateral procedure (more than 365 days)0.60 (0.36 to 1.00)0.0490.70 (0.41 to 1.20)0.194
  • *Significant variables (p<0.05) in final model.

  • RA, rheumatoid arthritis; THA, total hip arthroplasty.