Table 1

Bivariate analysis of associations with having childbirth attended by a traditional practitioner, among women aged 15–49 years who gave birth in the past 2 years

Characteristic	Exposed	Non-exposed	OR	99% CIca*	Missing data (%)
Availability of Western healthcare
Antenatal care in a government facility*	808/4349	560/1300	0.31	0.22 to 0.41	0.7
Education
Woman with postsecondary or higher education*	31/451	1330/5201	0.25	0.13 to 0.37	0.6
Woman with junior high education or higher	729/3629	632/2023	0.57	0.43 to 0.72	0.6
Woman with any formal education	1293/5349	68/303	1.21	0.71 to 1.71	0.6
Household head with postsecondary or higher	91/832	1249/4716	0.36	0.24 to 0.48	2.4
Household head with junior high or higher	730/3596	610/1952	0.58	0.44 to 0.72	2.4
Household head with any formal education	1237/5143	103/405	0.99	0.65 to 1.33	2.4
Economic condition
Household of good construction*	796/3729	566/1922	0.68	0.47 to 0.90	0.6
Self-rated economic condition above community average	805/3673	558/1979	0.73	0.58 to 0.89	0.6
Enough food last week	1081/4616	290/1065	0.85	0.63 to 1.06	0.1
Household with safer water source	538/2340	824/3306	0.97	0.60 to 1.35	0.7
Not living in a hard-to-reach community	1203/5108	168/578	1.02	0.33 to 1.71	0.0
Household using fuel other than charcoal or wood	365/1486	994/4161	1.10	0.73 to 1.48	0.7
Living in an urban community	457/1916	914/3770	1.17	0.53 to 1.81	0.0
Family relations
Not verbally abused by partner in past 12 months*	344/1728	856/3267	0.72	0.57 to 0.86	12.2
Does not report that neighbours were verbally abused	143/731	1064/4285	0.76	0.57 to 0.95	11.8
Not beaten by partner during past pregnancy	855/3760	347/1236	0.77	0.62 to 0.92	12.1
Not beaten by partner in past 12 months	616/2807	588/2192	0.78	0.63 to 0.93	12.1
Talked frequently with partner about pregnancy and delivery	847/3738	515/1904	0.80	0.65 to 0.96	0.8
Engagement with the modern state
Mother of a child with birth certificate*	465/2558	872/2967	0.55	0.42 to 0.69	2.8
From a community with electricity service	889/3920	401/1514	1.06	0.38 to 1.74	4.4

*Variables included in the initial multivariate model.
CIca, CIs using the method of Miettinen, adjusted for clustering with the method of Lamothe.