Associations of prenatal lead and cadmium exposure with measures of balance in the child at 7 and 10 years of age in ALSPAC
| Maternal Pb (µg/dL) | Maternal Cd (µg/L) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | Category | <5 | ≥5 | p Value (χ2) | <1 | ≥1 | p Value (χ2) | |
| Heel-to-toe test | 7 | 0–5 steps | 520 (27.1) | 82 (26.5) | 0.861 | 521 (26.6) | 81 (29.1) | 0.112 |
| 6–10 steps | 273 (14.2) | 45 (14.5) | 270 (13.8) | 49 (17.6) | ||||
| 11–15 steps | 1128 (58.7) | 183 (59.0) | 1164 (59.6) | 148 (53.2) | ||||
| Beam walking (dynamic balance) | 10 | Q1 | 431 (23.4) | 70 (24.1) | 0.450 | 439 (23.3) | 62 (25.3) | 0.897 |
| Q2 | 461 (25.0) | 80 (27.6) | 484 (25.6) | 57 (23.3) | ||||
| Q3 | 456 (24.8) | 66 (22.8) | 463 (24.5) | 59 (24.1) | ||||
| Q4 | 494 (26.8) | 74 (25.5) | 503 (26.6) | 67 (27.3) | ||||
| Static balance eyes closed score (static balance) | 10 | Q1 | 460 (24.4) | 74 (25.8) | 0.558 | 472 (25.5) | 63 (25.8) | 0.842 |
| Q2 | 459 (25.4) | 58 (20.2) | 455 (24.6) | 62 (25.4) | ||||
| Q3 | 430 (23.8) | 83 (28.9) | 457 (24.7) | 57 (23.4) | ||||
| Q4 | 459 (25.4) | 72 (25.1) | 469 (25.3) | 62 (25.4) | ||||
Values are n (%).
ALSPAC, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; Q, quartile.