Table 1

Findings from the focused review

Author(s) and details of paper	Date	Clinical area or procedure	Country	Level of study	Impact	Finding	Improvement identified
By-product papers
Adler MW. Changes in local clinical practice following an experiment in medical care: evaluation of evaluation. J Epidemiol Community Health 1978;32:143–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.32.2.143	1978	Inguinal hernia and varicose veins	UK	O	S	+	P
Andersen M, Kragstrup J, Sondergaard J. How conducting a clinical trial affects physicians’ guideline adherence and drug preferences. JAMA 2006;295:2759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.23.2759*	2006	Asthma	Denmark	O	S	-	P
Chen AY, Schrag N, Hao Y, Flanders WD, Kepner J, Stewart A, et al. Changes in treatment of advanced laryngeal cancer 1985–2001. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;135:831–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2006.07.012	2006	Cancer (laryngeal)	US	O	B	+	P
Clark WF, Garg AX, Blake PG, Rock GA, Heidenheim AP, Sackett DL. Effect of awareness of a randomized controlled trial on use of experimental therapy. JAMA 2003;290:1351–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.10.1351	2003	Apheresis	Canada	C	S?	M -	P
Das D, Ishaq S, Harrison R, Kosuri K, Harper E, Decaestecker J, et al. Management of Barrett’s esophagus in the UK: overtreated and underbiopsied but improved by the introduction of a national randomised trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:1079–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01790.x	2008	Barratt's oesophagus	UK	C	S	+	P
du Bois A, Rochon J, Lamparter C, PFisterer J, and for the Organkommission OVAR. Pattern of care and impact of participation in clinical studies on the outcome in ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2005;15:183–91*	2005	Ovarian cancer	Germany	O	B	+	HO
Hébert-Croteau N, Brisson J, Latreille J, Blanchette C, Deschenes L. Variations in the treatment of early-stage breast cancer in Quebec between 1988 and 1994. CMAJ 1999;161:951–5	1999	Breast cancer	Canada	O	B	+	P
Janni W, Kiechle M, Sommer H, Rack B, Gauger K, Heinrigs M, et al. Study participation improves treatment strategies and individual patient care in participating centers. Anticancer Res 2006;26:3661–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960 -9776(05)80107-9	2006	Breast cancer	Germany	O	S	+	P
Jha P, Deboer D, Sykora K, Naylor CD. Characteristics and mortality outcomes of thrombolysis trial participants and nonparticipants: a population-based comparison. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:1335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(96)00018-6	1996	AMI	Canada	O	S	M+	HO
Jones B, Ratzer E, Clark J, Zeren F, Haun W. Does peer-reviewed publication change the habits of surgeons? Am J Surg 2000;180:566–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(00)00495-5	2000	Appendectomy	US	C	S	-	P
Karjalainen S, Palva I. Do treatment protocols improve end results? A study of survival of patients with multiple myeloma in Finland. BMJ 1989;299:1069–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.299.6707.1069	1989	Leucaemia	Finland	O	S	+	HO
Kizer JR, Cannon CP, McCabe CH, Mueller HS, Schweiger MJ, Davis VG, et al. Trends in the use of pharmacotherapies for acute myocardial infarction among physicians who design and/or implement randomized trials vs physicians in routine clinical practice: the MILIS-TIMI experience. Multicenter investigation on limitation of infarct size. Am Heart J 1999;137:79–92	1999	AMI	US	C	B	+	P
Majumdar SR, Chang W-C, Armstrong PW. Do the investigative sites that take part in a positive clinical trial translate that evidence into practice? Am J Med 2002;113:140–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01166-X*	2002	AMI	Canada	O	S	-	P
Majumdar SR, Roe MT, Peterson ED, Chen AY, Gibler WB, Armstrong PW. Better outcomes for patients treated at hospitals that participate in clinical trials. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:657–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2007.124*	2008	Unstable angina	US	O	B	+	HO
Meineche-Schmidt V, Hvenegaard A, Juhl HH. Participation in a clinical trial influences the future management of patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in general practice. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;24:1117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03046.x*	2006	Gastro-oesophageal reflux	Denmark	C	S	+	P
Morton AN, Bradshaw CS, Fairley CK. Changes in the diagnosis and management of bacterial vaginosis following clinical research. Sex Health 2006;3:183–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/SH06024	2006	Sexual health	Australia	C	S	M+	P
Pancorbo-Hidalgo PL, Garcia-Fernandez FP, Lopez-Medina IM, Lopez-Ortega J. Pressure ulcer care in Spain: nurses’ knowledge and clinical practice. J Adv Nurs 2007;58:327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04236.x*	2006	Pressure ulcer	Spain	C	B	+	P
Pons J, Sais C, Illa C, Méndez R, Suñen E, Casas M, et al. Is there an association between the quality of hospitals’ research and their quality of care? J Health Serv Res Policy 2010;15:204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jhsrp.2010.009125*	2010	AMI	Spain	O	B	+	HO
Rich AL, Tata LJ, Free CM, Stanley RA, Peake MD, Baldwin DR, et al. How do patient and hospital features influence outcomes in small-cell lung cancer in England? Br J Cancer 2011;105:746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2011.310*	2011	Small cell lung cancer	UK	O	B	M+	P
Rochon J, du Bois A. Clinical research in epithelial ovarian cancer and patients’ outcome. Ann Oncol 2011;22(Suppl. 7):vii16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdr421*	2011	Ovarian cancer	Germany	O	B	+	HO
Salbach NM, Guilcher SJ, Jaglal SB, Davis DA. Determinants of research use in clinical decision making among physical therapists providing services post-stroke: a cross-sectional study. Implementation Sci 2010;5:77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-5-77	2010	Stroke	Canada	C	B	+	P
Network papers
Abraham AJ, Knudsen HK, Rothrauff TC, Roman PM. The adoption of alcohol pharmacotherapies in the Clinical Trials Network: the influence of research network participation. J Subst Abuse Treat 2010;38:275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2010.01.003*	2010	Alcohol-use disorders	US	O	B	+	P
Carpenter WR, Reeder-Hayes K, Bainbridge J, Meyer A-M, Amos KD, Weiner BJ, et al. The role of organizational affiliations and research networks in the diffusion of breast cancer treatment innovation. Med Care 2011;49:172–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e3182028ff2*	2011	Breast cancer	US	O	B	+	P
Ducharme LJ, Knudsen HK, Roman PM, Johnson JA. Innovation adoption in substance abuse treatment: exposure, trialability, and the Clinical Trials Network. J Subst Abuse Treat 2007;32:321–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2006.05.021*	2007	Substance abuse	US	O	S	M+	P
Knudsen HK, Abraham AJ, Johnson JA, Roman PM. Buprenorphine adoption in the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network. J Subst Abuse Treat 2009;37:307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2008.12.004*	2009	Substance abuse	US	O	S	+	P
Laliberte L, Fennell ML, Papandonatos G. The relationship of membership in research networks to compliance with treatment guidelines for early-stage breast cancer. Med Care 2005;43:471–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mlr.0000160416.66188.f5*	2005	Breast cancer	US	O	B	+	P
Rhyne R, Sussman AL, Fernald D, Weller N, Daniels E, Williams RL, et al. Reports of persistent change in the clinical encounter following research participation: a report from the Primary Care Multiethnic Network (PRIME Net). J Am Board Fam Med 2011;24:496–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2011.05.100295	2011	Acanthosis Nigricans	US	C	S	+	P
Siegel RM, Bien J, Lichtenstein P, Davis J, Khoury JC, Knight JE, et al. A safety-net antibiotic prescription for otitis media: the effects of a PBRN study on patients and practitioners. Clin Pediatr 2006;45:518–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922806290567	2006	Otitis media	US	C	S	+	P
Warnecke R, Johnson T, Kaluzny A, Ford L. The community clinical oncology program: its effect on clinical practice. J Qual Improv 1995;21:336–9.	1995	Breast cancer	US	C	S	+	P
Intervention papers
Chaney EF, Rubenstein LV, Liu C-F, Yano EM, Bolkan C, Lee M, et al. Implementing collaborative care for depression treatment in primary care: a cluster randomized evaluation of a quality improvement practice redesign. Implement Sci 2011;6:121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-6-121	2011	Depression	US	O	S	M+	P
Goldberg HI, Neighbor WE, Hirsch IB, Cheadle AD, Ramsey SD, Gore E. Evidence-based management: using serial firm trials to improve diabetes care quality. Joint Commission J Qual Improvement 2002;28:155–66	2002	Diabetes	US	O	S	M -	P
Hall C, Sigford B, Sayer N. Practice changes associated with the Department of Veterans Affairs’ Family Care Collaborative. J Gen Int Med 2010;25(Suppl. 1):18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11606-009-1125-3	2010	Rehab for war veterans	US	O	S	+	P
Puoane T, Sanders D, Ashworth A, Chopra M, Strasser S, McCoy D. Improving the hospital management of malnourished children by participatory research. Int J Qual Health Care 2004;16:31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzh002	2004	Malnourishment in children	S Africa	O	S	M+	HO

*Paper that made an important contribution to the review (in terms of relevance, quality and size).
−, negative; +, positive; B, broader; C, clinicians; HO, health outcomes; M, mixed; O, organisations; P, processes of care; S, specific.
Adapted from Hanney, Boaz, Jones, Soper (2013)23.